Table 2.

Clinical characteristics table of the external test cohort (FLEMENGHO) by CPET cluster

	Cluster 1 (n = 33)	Cluster 2 (n = 53)	Cluster 3 (n = 76)	Cluster 4 (n = 67)	Cluster 5 (n = 37)
Anthropometrics
Age, y	50.58 ± 11.05	59.12 ± 9.12∗	62.51 ± 5.56∗†	66.03 ± 5.82∗†‡	67.09 ± 5.2∗†‡
Females, n (%)	8 (24.24)	16 (30.19)	45 (59.21)∗†	34 (50.75)∗†	15 (40.54)
Weight, kg	84.91 ± 19.26	86.58 ± 16.71	77.99 ± 12.46∗†	73.87 ± 12.14∗†‡	75.79 ± 17.88∗†
Height, cm	177.83 ± 8.35	175.61 ± 7.61	169.97 ± 9.0∗†	167.47 ± 8.66∗†	167.72 ± 7.27∗†
Body mass index, kg/m2	26.66 ± 4.75	28.08 ± 5.26	27.03 ± 4.22	26.27 ± 3.37†	26.79 ± 5.48
Medical history
Hypertension, n (%)	9 (27.27)	21 (39.62)	39 (51.32)∗	45 (67.16)∗†	28 (75.68)∗†‡
DM type I or II, n (%)	1 (3.03)	6 (11.32)	6 (7.89)	10 (14.93)	8 (21.62)∗‡
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)	0 (0.0)	2 (3.77)	5 (6.58)	8 (11.94)∗	7 (18.92)∗†‡
Medication
Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)	3 (9.09)	13 (24.53)	23 (30.26)∗	37 (55.22)∗†‡	26 (70.27)∗†‡
Beta blockers, n (%)	0 (0.0)	3 (5.66)	11 (14.47)∗	11 (16.42)∗	14 (37.84)∗†‡&
CCB, n (%)	0 (0.0)	5 (9.43)	10 (13.16)∗	15 (22.39)∗	8 (21.62)∗
ACE or ARB, n (%)	3 (9.09)	12 (22.64)	15 (19.74)	22 (32.84)∗	14 (37.84)∗‡
Diuretics, n (%)	1 (3.03)	8 (15.09)	7 (9.21)	14 (20.9)∗‡	9 (24.32)∗‡
Lipid lowering drugs, n (%)	6 (18.18)	15 (28.3)	20 (26.32)	25 (37.31)	15 (40.54)∗
CPET data at rest
HR (at rest), beats/min	67.59 ± 10.13	69.87 ± 10.9	72.62 ± 11.92∗	74.74 ± 14.02∗†	70.91 ± 14.31
SBP (at rest), mm Hg	131.15 ± 13.12	133.3 ± 14.0	137.53 ± 17.14	134.58 ± 16.56	139.32 ± 17.89∗
DBP (at rest), mm Hg	75.29 ± 14.82	81.3 ± 9.31∗	82.33 ± 11.05∗	79.25 ± 8.86	78.12 ± 9.86
VO₂, mL/min	682.79 ± 122.53	624.83 ± 102.31∗	531.49 ± 110.45∗†	469.79 ± 108.67∗†‡	428.3 ± 135.97∗†‡
PETO₂, mm Hg	105.25 ± 4.2	108.0 ± 5.02∗	106.56 ± 4.56	109.1 ± 5.04∗‡	109.16 ± 5.39∗‡
PETCO₂, mm Hg	37.3 ± 2.93	36.11 ± 2.85	35.92 ± 3.09∗	34.18 ± 3.37∗†‡	34.25 ± 2.58∗†‡
RER	0.82 ± 0.09	0.83 ± 0.06	0.8 ± 0.07	0.84 ± 0.06‡	0.84 ± 0.08‡
CPET data at peak
Load, watt	252.32 ± 38.89	213.98 ± 31.06∗	161.38 ± 26.88∗†	137.9 ± 31.87∗†‡	118.53 ± 25.14∗†‡&
VO₂, mL/min	2841.55 ± 411.06	2369.59 ± 335.41∗	1764.02 ± 295.57∗†	1501.61 ± 311.96∗†‡	1264.47 ± 248.5∗†‡&
VO₂ per kg, mL/kg/min	35.13 ± 6.16	28.51 ± 4.58∗	22.84 ± 3.59∗†	20.55 ± 3.3∗†‡	16.8 ± 4.49∗†‡&
VO₂ percentage predicted, %	120.81 ± 13.84	110.53 ± 12.02∗	99.07 ± 8.18∗†	89.68 ± 9.74∗†‡	70.85 ± 15.64∗†‡&
HR, bpm	170.05 ± 7.03	161.83 ± 14.03∗	157.45 ± 11.85∗	149.29 ± 17.44∗†‡	133.18 ± 20.12∗†‡&
HR percentage predicted, %	100.39 ± 5.87	100.42 ± 7.98	100.2 ± 7.57	97.22 ± 11.73	86.95 ± 12.8∗†‡&
O₂ pulse, mL/beat	16.72 ± 2.4	14.8 ± 2.6∗	11.29 ± 2.1∗†	10.23 ± 2.35∗†‡	9.74 ± 2.41∗†‡
O₂ pulse/kg, mL/beat/kg	0.21 ± 0.04	0.18 ± 0.03∗	0.15 ± 0.02∗†	0.14 ± 0.02∗†	0.13 ± 0.03∗†‡&
SBP, mm Hg	201.59 ± 21.39	201.04 ± 22.7	189.86 ± 31.14†	187.48 ± 23.6∗†	182.38 ± 28.39∗†
VE, L/min	96.24 ± 17.17	88.45 ± 16.91∗	67.62 ± 15.44∗†	59.61 ± 15.77∗†‡	47.31 ± 11.57∗†‡&
VE/VCO₂ slope	24.98 ± 2.1	26.64 ± 2.81∗	27.28 ± 3.26∗	124.75 ± 421.79‡	104.45 ± 354.8
PETO₂, mm Hg	112.99 ± 4.36	115.68 ± 3.94∗	114.98 ± 4.99∗	114.69 ± 5.29	111.69 ± 5.22†‡&
PETCO₂, mm Hg	42.09 ± 3.67	40.31 ± 3.36∗	39.77 ± 4.28∗	38.43 ± 3.96∗†	39.26 ± 3.96∗
RER	1.16 ± 0.06	1.18 ± 0.08	1.19 ± 0.06∗	1.18 ± 0.1	1.15 ± 0.11‡
Borg score	15.4 ± 3.0	15.23 ± 1.52	15.55 ± 1.43	12.69 ± 3.52∗†‡	14.48 ± 1.2†‡&

Data are presented as mean ± SD or number of subjects (%). Significance for between-phenogroups differences: ∗p < 0.05 vs. cluster 1; †p < 0.05 vs. cluster 2; ‡p < 0.05 vs. cluster 3; &p < 0.05 vs. cluster 4. BMI, body mass index; CPET, cardiopulmonary exercise testing; DM, diabetes mellitus; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; HR, heart rate; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VCO₂, rate of carbon dioxide produced; V_E, minute ventilation; V_E/VCO₂ slope, ventilatory efficiency; VO₂, rate of oxygen uptake.