Table 2.
Effect of agmatine sulfate (as G-Agmatine® brand) on revertant colonies in the Ames Initial Mutation Test.†.
| Concentrations (μg/plate) |
Salmonella typhimuriumtester strains |
Escherichia coli |
||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
TA 98 |
WP2uvrA |
TA 1535 |
TA 1537 |
WP2uvrA |
||||||||||||||||
| -S9 | +S9 | -S9 | +S9 | -S9 | +S9 | -S9 | +S9 | -S9 | +S9 | |||||||||||
| Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | Revs | MR | |
| Solvent (Negative) Control | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Untreated Control | 23.0 ±4.4 |
1.28 | 24.0 ±6.1 |
1.06 | 95.0 ±3.5 |
1.14 | 102.7 ±2.1 |
0.91 | 10.0 ±3.6 |
1.20 | 9.7 ±1.2 |
1.26 | 11.0 ±2.6 |
1.03 | 10.7 ±3.5 |
1.07 | 22.3 ±1.5 |
1.31 | 22.3 ±3.2 |
0.85 |
| DMSO Control | 20.7 ±1.2 |
1.00 | 21.0 1.0 |
1.00 | – | – | 95.0 ±4.4 |
1.00 | – | – | 6.7 ±2.1 |
1.00 | 9.3 ±1.2 |
1.00 | 9.3 ±3.5 |
1.00 | – | – | 21.3 ±2.3 |
1.00 |
| Ultrapure Water Control | 18.0 ±5.3 |
1.00 | 22.7 ±8.6 |
1.00 | 83.3 ±1.5 |
1.00 | 113.0 ±6.0 |
1.00 | 8.3 ±2.3 |
1.00 | 7.7 ±2.1 |
1.00 | 10.7 ±2.1 |
1.00 | 10.0 ±4.6 |
1.00 | 17.0 ±1.0 |
1.00 | 26.3 ±2.1 |
1.00 |
| Agmatine Sulfate (G-Agmatine®) μg/plate | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 16 | 23.3 ±11.4 |
1.30 | 21.7 ±5.5 |
0.96 | 97.7 ±9.1 |
1.17 | 109.0 ±4.6 |
0.96 | 9.0 ±4.6 |
1.08 | 7.0 ±3.6 |
0.91 | 9.7 ±1.2 |
0.91 | 10.3 ±5.8 |
1.03 | 17.7 ±4.0 |
1.04 | 23.7 ±4.0 |
0.90 |
| 50 | 19.0 ±2.6 |
1.06 | 26.7 ±3.5 |
1.18 | 93.3 ±16.2 |
1.12 | 99.7 ±9.0 |
0.88 | 9.3 ±2.9 |
1.12 | 7.7 ±3.2 |
1.00 | 11.3 ±3.2 |
1.06 | 10.7 ±3.2 |
1.07 | 19.7 ±5.5 |
1.16 | 27.7 ±2.5 |
1.05 |
| 160 | 21.0 ±4.6 |
1.17 | 22.0 ±1.0 |
0.97 | 91.3 ±9.9 |
1.10 | 103.0 ±12.2 |
0.91 | 11.3 ±2.9 |
1.36 | 7.0 ±5.6 |
0.91 | 10.0 ±2.0 |
0.94 | 11.7 ±3.5 |
1.17 | 25.0 ±3.6 |
1.47 | 23.3 ±2.1 |
0.89 |
| 500 | 19.3 ±4.2 |
1.07 | 24.3 ±4.2 |
1.07 | 91.3 ±18.0 |
1.10 | 108.3 ±8.0 |
0.96 | 7.3 ±3.5 |
0.88 | 10.3 ±0.6 |
1.35 | 11.0 ±4.6 |
1.03 | 8.0 ±3.6 |
0.80 | 21.0 ±4.6 |
1.24 | 24.3 ±1.5 |
0.92 |
| 1600 | 19.3 ±0.6 |
1.07 | 19.7 ±3.5 |
0.87 | 94.0 ±4.0 |
1.13 | 89.7 ±7.8 |
0.79 | 9.3 ±3.5 |
1.12 | 9.0 ±1.7 |
1.17 | 10.0 ±2.6 |
0.94 | 12.7 ±3.5 |
1.27 | 19.7 ±1.5 |
1.16 | 24.7 ±2.1 |
0.94 |
| 5000 | 22.0 ±9.8 |
1.22 | 21.7 ±2.5 |
0.96 | 104.0 ±5.3 |
1.25 | 106.0 ±7.8 |
0.94 | 7.7 ±0.6 |
0.92 | 11.0 ±4.6 |
1.43 | 11.3 ±2.5 |
1.06 | 9.3 ±5.1 |
0.93 | 23.0 ±2.6 |
1.35 | 25.3 ±2.1 |
0.96 |
| Positive Control | ||||||||||||||||||||
| NPD (4 μg) | 316.7a ±21.4 |
15.32 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| SAZ (2 μg) | – | – | – | – | 833.3a ±98.7 |
10.00 | – | – | 767.3a ±106.0 |
92.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 9AA (50 μg) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 428.0a ±49.6 |
45.86 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| MMS (2 μL) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 537.3a ±105.5 |
31.61 | – | – |
| 2AA (2 μg) | – | – | 820.0a ±281.2 |
39.05 | – | – | 1164.7a ±66.5 |
12.26 | – | – | 126.7a ±7.4 |
19.00 | – | – | 174.3a ±13.3 |
18.68 | – | – | – | – |
| 2AA (50 μg) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 145.3a ±4.5 |
6.81 |
†Bacteria test strains grown in the absence (-) or presence (+) of S9 activation system, were exposed to escalating agmatine sulfate (as G-Agmatine®) concentrations along with appropriate solvent (negative) controls and positive controls and incubated at 370 C for 48 hr. Ultrapure water was the solvent of G-Agmatine® and of the positive control substances: SAZ (sodium azide) and MMS (Methyl methanesulfonate). DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) was the solvent of the positive control substances: NPD (4-Nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine), 9AA (9-Aminoacridine) and 2AA (2-aminoanthracene). Mutation rate (MR) values of colonies treated with G-Agmatine®, SAZ, MMS and of untreated control were calculated in comparison to ultrapure water solvent values. MR values of NPD, 9AA and 2AA were calculated in comparison to DMSO solvent values. Results are expressed as mean revertants (Revs) per plate ±SD values, and as MR values, of three experiments. ap < 0.05 as compared to the relevant negative controls.