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. 2005 May 16;102(21):7470–7475. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501860102

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

The effect of varroa infestation on the expression of genes encoding the antimicrobial peptides in newly emerged worker bees: DW, NW, and MF. The bees were either injected with bee saline or heat-killed E. coli suspended in the bee saline. NTC refers to the nontreatment control (i.e., the MF bees without injection). All of the values shown are mean ± SEM. (A) Varroa infestation suppressed the expression of hymenoptaecin gene. The bars with different letters are significantly different (ANOVA, P < 0.0001; pairwise comparison with Fisher's protected least significant difference (PLSD), P ≤ 0.0003). (B) Varroa infestation suppressed the expression of defensin gene in the DW bees injected with bacteria. The bars with different letters are significantly different (ANOVA, P < 0.0001; pairwise comparison with Fisher's PLSD, P ≤ 0.049). (C) Varroa infestation suppressed the expression of abaecin gene in the DW bees injected with the bacteria. The bars with different letters are significantly different (ANOVA, P < 0.0001; pairwise comparison with Fisher's PLSD, P ≤ 0.0029).