Fig. 6.

Treatment of C32 cells with either acid (pH 3.5) or bile salts or both. Mock-treated C32 cells (ctl) served as a control. (A) Western blotting of nuclear lysates showed that bile salts alone, or acidified bile salts, activated NF-κB signaling. (B) The treatments were also associated with an increase in CDX1 mRNA expression as assessed by real-time PCR. The format of the graph is as for Fig. 3A. The calibrator used was the control treated sample.