Table 1.
Clinical trials of alphavirus-based SAM vaccines
| Alphavirus-based vector | Target | Delivery platform | Enrollment | Institute/Company | Clinical trial phase and number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ? | influenza virus | ? | 468∗ | Pfizer | phase 1 NCT05227001 (2022–2023∗) |
| SFV4 | HPV (TCV) | VRP | 12 | UMCG, Dutch Cancer Society, and ViciniVax | phase 1 NCT03141463 (2017-2017)92 |
| Attenuated VEEV | CEA (6D) (TCV) | VRP | 28 | AlphaVax | phase 1 and 2 NCT00529984 (2007–2010)93 |
| Attenuated VEEV | HCMV | VRP | 40 | AlphaVax | phase 1 and 2 NCT00439803 (2007–2008)94 |
| Attenuated VEEV | HIV | VRP | 48 and 96 | AlphaVax | phase 1 NCT00063778 (2003–2005) NCT00097838 (2004–2009)95 |
| Attenuated VEEV | influenza virus | VRP | 216 and 28 | AlphaVax | phase 1 and 2 NCT00440362 (2007–2007) NCT00706732 (2008–2009) |
| VEE vector | neo-antigen (TCV) | LNP | 214∗ | Gritstone bio | phase 1 and 2 NCT03639714 (2019–2023∗)96 |
| VEEV TRD | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 192 | Imperial College London | phase 1 ISRCTN17072692 (2020–2021)97,98 |
| VEEV TC-83 | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 581 | Arcturus Therapeutics | phase 2 NCT04668339 (2021–2022) |
| VEEV TRD | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 42∗ | MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit | phase 1 NCT04934111 (2021–2022∗) |
| VEE vector | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 81 | NIAID and Gritstone bio | phase 1 NCT04776317 (2021–2023∗)1 |
| VEEV TC-83 | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 72∗ | Arcturus Therapeutics | phase 1 and 2 NCT05037097 (2021–2023∗) |
| VEEV TC-83 | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 19400∗ | Vinbiocare and Arcturus Therapeutics | phase 1, 2, and 3 NCT05012943 (2021–2023∗) |
| VEEV TC-83 | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 90∗ | SENAI CIMATEC | phase 1 NCT04844268 (2022-2022∗) |
| VEE vector | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 340∗ | Gritstone bio | phase 1 NCT05435027 (2022–2023∗) |
| VEEV TC-83 | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 63∗ | HDT Bio | phase 1 NCT05132907 (2022–2023∗) |
| VEEV TC-83 | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 300∗ | Azidus Brasil and SENAI CIMATEC | phase 2 NCT05542693 (2023-2023∗) |
| VEE vector | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 120∗ | Gritstone bio | phase 1 NCT05148962 (2021–2024∗) |
| VEEV TRD/SINV | Rabies virus | CNE | 82 | GSK | phase 1 NCT04062669 (2021–2022) |
| VEEV TRD/SINV | SARS-CoV-2 | LNP | 10 | GSK | phase 1 NCT04758962 (2021–2022)99 |
?, the nature of the alphavirus-based SAM and delivery platform not provided; ∗, estimated; CNE, cationic nano emulsion; GSK, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals; HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SINV, Sindbis virus; TCV, therapeutic cancer vaccine; UMCG, University Medical Center Groningen; VEEV, TC-83; TC-83-SINV, recombinant replicon vector contains the TC-83 5′ UTR and non-structural genes and SINV 3′ UTR72; VRP, virus-like replicon particle.