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. 2024 Jul 22;30(9):2489–2498. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03142-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — a, Study design used for 193 diseases for which only participants from the randomly selected subset were included in the analysis. b, Study design used for 25 less common diseases were incident cases within 10 years of follow-up for the specific disease under study were included in the analysis. Created with BioRender.com.