Fig. 5. Effects of GO and rGO stimulation on astrocyte and neuron GPCR signalling ex vivo.

a, Confocal fluorescence microscopy image of GFAP–eGFP/X-Rhod-1-AM-labelled cells revealing the co-presence of astrocytes (yellow cells) and neurons (red cells). b, Immunohistochemical image of GFAP–eGFP-labelled astrocytes (green cells) and neuronal cell protein marker (NeuN)-positive neurons (red cells) in brain slice. c–e, Representative traces of Ca²⁺ imaging experiments performed on brain slices lying on GO and rGO, analysed in neurons and astrocytes, recorded in control saline (c) and after exposure to U73122 (4 μM) (d) and G_i/o–GPCR inhibitor PTX (7.5 μg ml⁻¹) (e).