Table 2.
Characteristics of participants by various latent social participation classes in 2015 (N = 4,384).
| Characteristic | Total N = 4,384 |
Social participation pattern | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class 1 Socially isolated | Class 2 Socialize with friends | Class 3 Board game enthusiast | Class 4 Helpful individual | Class 5 Extensive social interaction | ||||
| Age | 68.70 (6.74) | 69.03 (6.82) | 69.01 (6.91) | 68.34 (6.69) | 67.35 (5.98) | 67.01 (6.13) | < 0.001 | |
| Gender | Man | 41.47 (1,818) | 41.70 (965) | 36.46 (389) | 57.25 (154) | 46.37 (230) | 33.61 (80) | < 0.001 |
| Women | 58.53 (2,566) | 58.30 (1,349) | 63.54 (678) | 42.75 (115) | 53.63 (266) | 66.39 (158) | ||
| Residence | Urban | 25.34 (1,108) | 21.62 (499) | 23.24 (247) | 37.17 (100) | 25.25 (125) | 57.81 (137) | < 0.001 |
| Rural | 74.66 (3,264) | 78.38 (1,809) | 76.76 (816) | 62.83 (169) | 74.25 (370) | 42.19 (100) | ||
| Marital status | Married/cohabitating | 76.46 (3,352) | 77.87 (1,802) | 71.79 (766) | 78.07 (210) | 79.44 (394) | 75.63 (180) | 0.013 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 22.72 (996) | 21.26 (492) | 27.46 (293) | 21.19 (57) | 19.76 (98) | 23.53 (56) | ||
| Never married | 0.82 (36) | 0.86 (20) | 0.75 (8) | 0.74 (2) | 0.81 (4) | 0.84 (2) | ||
| Education degree | Illiteracy | 43.93 (799) | 49.85 (483) | 42.92 (188) | 22.88 (27) | 36.32 (77) | 29.27 (24) | < 0.001 |
| Elementary school/middle school | 54.40 (935) | 46.75 (453) | 52.97 (232) | 71.17 (84) | 55.66 (118) | 58.54 (48) | ||
| High school/higher education | 4.67 (85) | 3.41 (33) | 4.11 (18) | 5.93 (7) | 8.02 (17) | 12.20 (10) | ||
| Total annual household income | <10,000 yuan | 34.01 (1,491) | 36.73 (850) | 34.11 (364) | 27.14 (73) | 32.46 (161) | 18.07 (43) | < 0.001 |
| 10,000-50,000 yuan | 22.08 (968) | 21.43 (496) | 23.52 (251) | 21.56 (58) | 20.77 (103) | 25.21 (60) | ||
| 50,000-100,000 yuan | 5.57 (244) | 5.06 (117) | 5.44 (58) | 6.69 (18) | 6.85 (34) | 7.14 (17) | ||
| >100,000 yuan | 38.34 (1,687) | 36.78 (851) | 36.93 (394) | 44.61 (120) | 39.92 (198) | 49.58 (118) | ||
| Smoke status | Never smoked | 61.23 (2,682) | 62.15 (1,437) | 63.32 (675) | 46.84 (126) | 57.17 (283) | 67.65 (161) | < 0.001 |
| Continued smoking | 15.07 (660) | 15.35 (355) | 13.32 (142) | 18.22 (49) | 15.15 (75) | 16.39 (39) | ||
| Quit smoking | 23.70 (1,038) | 22.49 (520) | 23.36 (249) | 34.94 (94) | 27.68 (137) | 15.97 (38) | ||
| Drink habit | Yes | 27.24 (1,193) | 24.51 (567) | 26.85 (286) | 32.09 (86) | 37.70 (187) | 28.15 (67) | < 0.001 |
| Total sleep duration | 6.67 (2.48) | 6.65 (2.55) | 6.66 (2.45) | 6.62 (2.22) | 6.88 (2.52) | 6.47 (2.22) | 0.081 | |
| *BMI | 23.55 (4.12) | 23.36 (4.09) | 23.8 (4.10) | 23.68 (3.54) | 23.34 (4.37) | 24.47 (4.54) | < 0.001 | |
| *FI | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.28 (0.14) | 0.26 (0.12) | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.11) | 0.23 (0.10) | < 0.001 | |
| Depression symptom | *NDS group | 42.50 (1,863) | 39.54 (915) | 44.05 (470) | 53.16 (143) | 43.15 (214) | 50.84 (121) | < 0.001 |
| *DS group | 48.47 (2,125) | 50.09 (1,159) | 47.33 (505) | 41.26 (111) | 48.79 (242) | 45.38 (108) | ||
| *DD group | 9.03 (396) | 10.37 (240) | 8.62 (92) | 5.58 (15) | 8.06 (40) | 3.78 (9) | ||
| *CES-D-10 scores | 10.97 (6.36) | 11.45 (6.48) | 10.79 (6.29) | 9.60 (5.89) | 10.62 (6.21) | 9.41 (5.72) | < 0.001 | |
*Variables are presented as percentages (number), or mean (SD, standard deviation).
*BMI, body mass index; CES-D-10, 10-item short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; FI, frailty index; NDS, non-depressive symptom; DS, depressive symptom; DD, depressive disorder.
*P-value less than 0.05 was defined as significant.