Table 3. Comparison of the change in the outcomes between the intervention and control arms based on the per-protocol analysis.
| Intervention | Control | Benefits | |||||||
| n | Baseline | Follow-up | Change | n | Baseline | Follow-up | Change | Group differencea | |
| Health-related quality of life | |||||||||
| MCS, point | 75 | 55.2 (8.4) | 56.0 (7.7) | 0.8 (6.0) | 105 | 53.3 (8.1) | 54.3 (8.9) | 1.0 (6.4) | −0.3 (−2.1 to 1.5) |
| PCS, point | 75 | 46.0 (8.6) | 45.8 (9.2) | −0.3 (6.9) | 105 | 42.9 (8.5) | 45.0 (10.0) | 2.1 (7.2) | 1.7 (−0.4 to 3.7) |
| RCS, point | 75 | 47.7 (11.6) | 49.9 (9.8) | 2.3 (12.1) | 105 | 50.8 (10.0) | 49.4 (10.2) | −1.4 (10.5) | −1.5 (−4.2 to 1.3) |
| Physical function, point | 75 | 47.4 (7.8) | 47.2 (7.7) | −0.2 (6.0) | 105 | 46.1 (8.0) | 46.5 (8.9) | 0.5 (6.0) | 0.4 (−1.3 to 2.1) |
| Physical role, point | 75 | 48.1 (9.7) | 49.2 (7.7) | 1.1 (9.2) | 105 | 47.3 (10.0) | 48.3 (9.6) | 1.0 (8.9) | −0.4 (−2.6 to 1.8) |
| Body pain, point | 75 | 45.7 (8.9) | 47.8 (10.4) | 2.1 (9.6) | 105 | 44.0 (9.9) | 46.3 (10.2) | 2.3 (8.5) | −0.3 (−2.8 to 2.1) |
| General health, point | 75 | 52.7 (7.6) | 53.4 (8.4) | 0.7 (5.7) | 105 | 49.4 (8.9) | 51.0 (9.3) | 1.6 (6.8) | 0.2 (−1.7 to 2.0) |
| Vitality, point | 75 | 53.5 (9.3) | 53.8 (8.1) | 0.2 (7.4) | 105 | 52.8 (8.2) | 53.2 (9.7) | 0.4 (6.8) | −0.1 (−2.1 to 1.9) |
| Social function, point | 75 | 49.1 (10.6) | 50.2 (9.8) | 1.1 (9.5) | 105 | 50.6 (9.5) | 49.2 (10.4) | −1.4 (9.7) | −1.7 (−4.3 to 0.8) |
| Emotional role, point | 75 | 48.0 (10.6) | 51.0 (7.6) | 3.0 (10.3) | 105 | 49.3 (9.6) | 49.5 (9.0) | 0.2 (8.2) | −1.9 (−4.1 to 0.3) |
| Mental health, point | 75 | 54.4 (9.0) | 56.2 (8.1) | 1.8 (6.2) | 105 | 53.2 (8.9) | 54.1 (8.9) | 0.9 (6.7) | −1.1 (−2.9 to 0.7) |
| Physical parameters | |||||||||
| Frailty phenotype, point | 72 | 1.4 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.7) | −0.8 (0.7) | 103 | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.8) | −0.5 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6)* |
| 8-foot up-and-go, s | 73 | 6.1 (1.5) | 5.5 (1.3) | −0.6 (0.6) | 104 | 6.1 (1.3) | 5.9 (1.8) | −0.2 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.7)* |
| Chair stand, times/30 s | 73 | 16.3 (4.0) | 17.2 (3.9) | 0.9 (3.1) | 103 | 16.2 (3.8) | 16.1 (3.8) | −0.1 (2.8) | −1.0 (−1.8 to −0.2)* |
| Arm curl, times/30 s | 72 | 16.5 (4.1) | 20.0 (3.7) | 3.5 (3.1) | 103 | 16.6 (4.6) | 19.1 (4.6) | 2.5 (3.5) | −0.9 (−1.8 to 0.0) |
| Chair sit-and-reach, cm | 72 | 8.7 (11.0) | 8.0 (10.3) | −0.6 (4.3) | 102 | 6.6 (13.4) | 5.3 (13.7) | −1.3 (6.4) | −1.0 (−2.7 to 0.6) |
| Back scratch, cm | 71 | −6.8 (10.0) | −5.7 (9.9) | 1.1 (3.8) | 104 | −8.5 (12.0) | −8.1 (12.4) | 0.4 (4.7) | −0.8 (−2.1 to 0.6) |
| 2-min step-in-place, times | 67 | 104.4 (12.8) | 111.7 (13.2) | 7.3 (10.0) | 100 | 101.6 (15.7) | 107.4 (13.7) | 5.7 (12.9) | −2.5 (−5.8 to 0.7) |
| Psychological parameters | |||||||||
| TMT part A, s | 73 | 58.5 (19.8) | 45.4 (12.9) | −13.1 (17.0) | 104 | 61.3 (29.1) | 52.6 (25.0) | −8.7 (21.6) | 5.5 (0.7 to 10.3)* |
| TMT part B, s | 73 | 99.2 (41.5) | 107.9 (45.1) | 8.8 (33.8) | 104 | 117.1 (59.5) | 127.8 (61.5) | 10.8 (39.7) | 5.2 (−5.6 to 16.1) |
| HEBS, score | 75 | 22.0 (4.2) | 21.9 (4.0) | −0.2 (4.4) | 105 | 20.4 (4.2) | 18.8 (5.3) | −1.6 (5.0) | −2.3 (−3.6 to −1.0)* |
| GDS, score | 75 | 3.5 (2.9) | 3.4 (2.8) | −0.2 (1.9) | 105 | 4.3 (3.2) | 4.0 (3.1) | −0.3 (2.1) | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.6) |
| Biochemical parameters | |||||||||
| BDNF, µg/mL | 73 | 9.9 (5.0) | 9.7 (5.3) | −0.2 (5.7) | 104 | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.7) | 0.7 (5.2) | 1.0 (−0.5 to 2.5) |
| Sociological parameters | |||||||||
| LSNS-6, score | 75 | 14.6 (5.1) | 14.7 (5.0) | 0.1 (3.6) | 104 | 14.4 (6.3) | 14.0 (5.9) | −0.4 (4.0) | −0.5 (−1.6 to 0.5) |
| Habitual lifestyle parameters | |||||||||
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 75 | 1,871 (558) | 1,913 (524) | −42 (440) | 105 | 2,015 (628) | 1,973 (587) | −42 (454) | −31 (−152 to 90) |
| Step counts, steps/day | 73 | 5,446 (2,387) | 4,404 (2,048) | −1,042 (1,192) | 103 | 5,566 (2,624) | 4,511 (2,191) | −1,055 (1,283) | 33 (−280 to 346) |
| PSQI, score | 75 | 6.1 (3.5) | 6.2 (3.3) | 0.0 (2.1) | 103 | 6.7 (3.5) | 6.3 (3.2) | −0.3 (1.9) | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.3) |
BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HEBS, Home-Exercise Barrier Self-Efficacy Scale; LSNS-6, Lubben Social Network Scale-6; MCS, mental component summary; PCS, physical component summary; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; RCS, role/social component summary; TMT, trail making test.
Baseline, follow-up, and change values are shown as mean (standard deviation).
aGroup differences (the control–intervention groups) in the change of each outcome are shown as mean differences (95% confidence intervals) adjusted for allocation stratification factors and baseline values.
*P < 0.05.