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. 2024 Aug 1;43(18):4092–4109. doi: 10.1038/s44318-024-00181-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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Unless otherwise stated, wild-type plants were treated with 50 µM piperonylic acid (PA) or corresponding mock (0.05% DMSO) on agar plates. C. richardii (fern) was treated for three weeks after transfer of 2-week-old sporophytes. P. patens was treated for one month after transfer of individual gametophores. M. polymorpha was treated for three weeks after transfer of individual gemmae. A. agrestis was treated for two months after transfer of thallus pieces. K. nitens (charophyte, Klebsormidiophyceae) was treated in liquid cultures for 2 weeks after subculturing (1:10 ratio). (A) Pictures of plants after PA or mock treatment. (B) Representative UHPLC-UV chromatograms of crude metabolic extracts of mock- and PA-treated plants. P. patens metabolic analysis was performed on plants grown in liquid culture to facilitate tissue collection. (C) Relative quantification of shikimate phenolic esters in mock- and PA-treated plants. C5S, caffeoyl-5-O-shikimate; pC5S, p-coumaroyl-5-O-shikimate. Results are the mean ± SEM of three independent biological replicates for each condition. Mock versus PA unpaired t test adjusted P-value: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. nd, not detected. Source data are available online for this figure.