. 2024 Sep 16;14:21590. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-72235-z

Table 4.

Binary logistic regression analysis concerning depression and the study variables with respect to gender and student status.

Variables	Total sample		Gender				Student status
	Total sample		Male		Female		Fresher test-taker		Repeat test-taker
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Socio-demographic variables
Gender
Male	1.76 (1.38–2.24)	< 0.001	–	–	–	–	1.99 (1.50–2.64)	< 0.001	1.23 (0.77–1.96)	0.378
Female	Reference	< 0.001	–	–	–	–	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.378
Permanent residence
Urban	1.74 (1.37–2.22)	< 0.001	1.50 (1.15–1.97)	0.003	2.63 (1.50–4.61)	0.001	1.84 (1.37–2.46)	< 0.001	1.47 (0.96–2.26)	0.076
Rural	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.003	Reference	0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.076
Religion
Muslim	0.35 (0.63–1.17)	0.351	0.80 (0.56–1.14)	0.232	1.12 (0.58–2.18)	0.726	0.80 (0.55–1.16)	0.245	1.06 (0.62–1.82)	0.826
Others	Reference	0.351	Reference	0.232	Reference	0.726	Reference	0.245	Reference	0.826
Family type
Nuclear	0.83 (0.65–1.06)	0.143	0.897 (0.68–1.17)	0.435	0.68 (0.39—1.16)	0.162	0.77 (0.57–1.03)	0.085	1.03 (0.66–1.60)	0.876
Joint	Reference	0.143	Reference	0.435	Reference	0.162	Reference	0.085	Reference	0.876
Monthly income (BDT)
< 15,000	0.70 (0.50–0.96)	0.058	0.73 (0.51–1.03)	0.192	0.64 (0.27–1.51)	0.218	0.65 (0.44–0.97)	0.086	0.86 (0.48–1.53)	0.643
15,000–30,000	0.92 (0.67–1.27)		0.89 (0.63–1.25)		1.21 (0.48–3.02)		0.86 (0.58–1.27)		1.12 (0.63–1.99)
> 30,000	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Cigarette smoking status
Yes	1.37 (0.97–1.93)	0.072	1.76 (1.13–2.74)	0.011	1.02 (0.56–1.86)	0.938	1.48 (0.96–2.28)	0.069	1.11 (0.62–1.99)	0.717
No	Reference	0.072	Reference	0.011	Reference	0.938	Reference	0.069	Reference	0.717
Drug usage status
Yes	1.52 (0.88–2.62)	0.129	1.92 (1.02–3.61)	0.042	0.49 (0.12–1.95)	0.317	1.91 (0.97–3.75)	0.058	0.91 (0.36–2.32)	0.855
No	Reference	0.129	Reference	0.042	Reference	0.317	Reference	0.058	Reference	0.855
COVID-19 related information
Personal COVID-19 infection
Yes	1.93 (1.31–2.86)	0.001	2.19 (1.39–3.43)	0.001	1.08 (0.45–2.59)	0.848	1.71 (1.08–2.68)	0.020	2.74 (1.22–6.14)	0.014
No	Reference	0.001	Reference	0.001	Reference	0.848	Reference	0.020	Reference	0.014
Family/friend’s COVID-19 infection
Yes	1.89 (1.43–2.49)	< 0.001	1.84 (1.36–2.48)	< 0.001	1.43 (0.68–3.03)	0.340	1.63 (1.18–2.24)	0.003	2.88 (1.63–5.06)	< 0.001
No	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.340	Reference	0.003	Reference	< 0.001
Family/friend’s COVID-19 death
Yes	2.41 (1.65–3.53)	< 0.001	2.67 (1.70–4.18)	< 0.001	1.78 (0.83–3.79)	0.135	2.41 (1.51–3.84)	< 0.001	2.28 (1.18–4.42)	0.014
No	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.135	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.014
Admission-related variables
Appearance in the admission test
Fresher	0.74 (0.59–0.93)	0.010	0.84 (0.65–1.08)	0.182	0.52 (0.32–0.84)	0.008	–	–	–	–
Repeat	Reference	0.010	Reference	0.182	Reference	0.008	–	–	–	–
Secondary School Certificate (SSC) grade point average
Poor (< 4.5)	0.94 (0.70–1.26)	0.088	0.82 (0.60–1.13)	0.073	2.00 (0.92–4.32)	0.151	0.99 (0.70–1.40)	0.039	0.84 (0.49–1.43)	0.811
Moderate	0.76 (0.59–0.97)		0.72 (0.55–0.95)		0.97 (0.52–4.32)		0.70 (0.52–0.95)		0.97 (0.61–1.54)
High (5)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) grade point average
Poor (< 4.5)	0.89 (0.62–1.27)	0.378	0.69 (0.47–1.01)	0.016	4.05 (1.40–11.75)	0.005	1.35 (0.85–2.14)	0.060	0.42 (0.23–0.77)	0.017
Moderate	0.84 (0.65–1.07)		0.70 (0.53–0.91)		2.21 (1.15–4.25)		0.77 (0.57–1.04)		0.95 (0.60–1.51)
High (5)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Coached by professional coaching centers
No	1.23 (0.97–1.56)	0.077	0.78 (0.60–1.02)	0.071	0.90 (0.53–1.51)	0.690	0.80 (0.59–1.10)	0.182	0.63 (0.42–0.94)	0.025
Yes	Reference	0.077	Reference	0.071	Reference	0.690	Reference	0.182	Reference	0.025
Desired institute/department for admission
Varsity	0.48 (0.22–1.02)	0.001	0.22 (0.07–0.65)	0.001	2.71 (0.53–13.71)	0.096	0.75 (0.23–2.39)	0.017	0.39 (0.14–1.10)	0.109
Medical	0.84 (0.38–1.85)		0.36 (0.12–1.12)		5.76 (1.01–32.70)		1.33 (0.40–4.40)		0.65 (0.21–2.0)
Engineering	0.67 (0.28–1.57)		0.32 (0.10–1.05)		2.00 (0.26–15.38)		1.04 (0.29–3.64)		0.55 (0.15–2.02)
Agriculture	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Satisfied with previous mock tests
No	1.49 (1.19–1.86)	< 0.001	1.54 (1.20–1.98)	0.001	1.31 (0.79–2.15)	0.286	1.54 (1.18–2.00)	0.001	1.38 (0.90–2.10)	0.130
Yes	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.001	Reference	0.286	Reference	0.001	Reference	0.130
Average monthly expenditure (BDT)
< 5000	0.59 (0.40–0.89)	0.032	0.54 (0.35–0.84)	0.020	1.03 (0.38–2.76)	0.915	0.48 (0.30–0.78)	0.006	0.94 (0.45–1.95)	0.735
5000–10,000	0.70 (0.51–0.97)		0.68 (0.48–0.97)		0.89 (0.38–2.08)		0.58 (0.39–0.85)		1.16 (0.62–2.17)
> 10,000	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Educational background
Science	1.15 (0.77–1.72)	0.001	1.10 (0.69–1.75)	0.002	1.22 (0.54–2.78)	0.545	1.11 (0.69–1.80)	0.003	1.23 (0.60–2.53)	0.501
Arts	0.76 (0.50–1.15)		0.70 (0.43–1.14)		0.95 (0.41–2.22)		0.72 (0.44–1.18)		0.96 (0.44–2.08)
Commerce	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Mental health problems
Anxiety
Yes	10.26 (7.73–13.60)	< 0.001	10.72 (7.71–14.91)	< 0.001	8.40 (4.80–14.73)	< 0.001	9.70 (6.92–13.59)	< 0.001	11.28 (6.71–18.97)	< 0.001
No	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.