FIGURE 4.

The interactions between nanomedicine and biological environment. (A) Advantages and disadvantages of different administration routes for nanoparticles (NPs). This figure was generated using FigDraw (https://www.figdraw.com). (B) The interactions between NPs and proteins in the biological environment after their encounter. Adapted from Ref. ²²⁹ with permission, copyright Elsevier, 2023. (C) Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis showed that ASO@Chol₃‐Td and GalNAc₃‐ASO substantially decreased the transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) mRNA and protein levels. (D) Images of liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Sirius red showed that acute necrosis and inflammatory cells around the portal vein generated by chronic injury were substantially decreased by ASO@Chol₃‐Td. (E) Protein corona (PC) was formed with intraperitoneally injected Chol₃‐Td to steer NPs to hepatocytes. Adapted from Ref. ²²⁰ with permission, copyright American Chemical Society, 2022. ASO, antisense oligonucleotide; Chol₃‐Td, DNA tetrahedron with trivalent cholesterol conjugation; GalNAc₃, liver‐targeting ligand, trivalent N‐acetylgalactosamine.