TABLE 2.
Summary of some traditional Chinese medicine used for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis.
| Traditional Chinese medicine | Composition | Animal model | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuzheng Huayu Formula | Taoren, Dongchongxiacao, Jiaogulan, Danshen, Songhuafen, Wuweizi | CCl4 | Suppress hepatocyte apoptosis through regulating mediators in death receptor and mitochondrial pathways | 92 |
| CCl4 | Regulate the recruitment and polarization of intrahepatic macrophages via CCL2 and CX3CL1, and play the anti‐inflammation and antifibrosis pharmacological effects | 93 | ||
| Fufang Biejia Ruangan Tablets | Biejia, Ezhu, Chishao, Danggui, Sanqi, Dangshen, Huangqi, Ziheche, Dongchongxiacao, Banlangen, Lianqiao | CCl4 | Eliminate oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibit HSCs activation and ECM production by blocking TGF‐β1/Smad signaling pathway | 94 |
| Anluo Huaxian Pills | Sanqi, Shuizhi, Dilong, Jiangcan, Baishu, Yujin, Niuhuang, Dahuang, Shuiniujiao, Jineijin | DMN | Protect liver function and inhibit liver fibrosis in rats through increasing MMP‐2 expression | 95 |
| CCl4 | Inhibition of TGF‐β1 synthesis and TGF‐β1/Smads signaling pathway, which suppresses the activation of HSCs and reverse fibrosis | 96 | ||
| Yinchenhao Decoction | Yinchen, Zhizi, Dahuang | DMN | Regulate enzymes responsible for bile acid metabolism and inhibit HSC proliferation and activation via TGF‐β1/Smad/ERK signaling pathway | 97 |
| Biliary obstructive cirrhosis | Inhibit BEC proliferation by downregulation of PDGF‐β mRNA expression, inhibit BEC profibrogenic paracrine and the epithelial‒mesenchymal transition pathological process | 98 | ||
| Xiaochaihutang | Chaihu, Huangqin, Huangqin, Banxia, Shengjiang, Dazao, Gancao | CCl4 | Upregulation of the Nrf2 pathway against oxidative stress, making further inhibition of activated HSCs | 99 |
| Xiayuxue Decoction | Dahuang, Taoren, Zhechong | CCl4 | Inhibit both HSCs activation and LSECs defenestration, which accompany chronic liver injuries and reverse the myofibroblastic HSCs into quiescent | 100 |
| Yiguanjian Decoction | Beishashen, Shengdi, Maidong, Danggui, Gouqizi, Chuanlianzi | CCl4 | Enhance FLSPC‐mediated repair of liver cirrhosis through regulation of macrophage activation state | 101 |
| Xiaoyaosan | Chaihu, Danggui, Baishao, Baishu, Fuling, Shengjiang, Zhigancao | CCl4 | Anti‐fibrosis effect via the TGF‐β1/Smad and Akt/FoxO signaling pathways | 102 |
| Danggui Shaoyao San | Danggui, Shaoyao, Zexie, Huangqin, Baizhu, Gandilong, Baijuhua, Bohe, Chuanqiong, Gancao | CCl4 | Alleviate liver fibrosis and protect the gut barrier by affecting the gut microbiota and metabolites | 103 |
Abbreviations: BEC, biliary epithelial cell; CCL2, C‒C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; CX3CL1, C‒X3‒C motif chemokine ligand 1; DMN, dimethylnitrosamine; ERK, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase; FLSPC, fetal liver stem/progenitor cell; FoxO, forkhead box O; HSCs, hepatic stellate cells; LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2; PDGF‐β, platelet‐derived growth factor‐β; TGF‐β1, transforming growth factor‐β1.