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. 2024 May 17;18:322–339. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.05.001

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© 2024 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — The double-sided role of SCFA in intestinal health on physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barrier. (A) The beneficial effects of SCFA on intestinal barrier include increased expression level of tight junction proteins, mucins and decreased harmful bacterial growth as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. (B) The negative effects of SCFA on intestinal barrier include increased intestinal permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the decreased mucus thickness. SCFA = short chain fatty acids; AMP = antimicrobial peptides; MUC = mucin; ZO-1 = zonula occludens-1; sIgA = secretory immunoglobulin A; IL-1β = interleukin-1β; IL-17A = interleukin-17A.