Table 6.
The studies on two-sided role of SCFA in host health via “gut-bone axis” establishing the connection between gut and bone.
| Item | Model/subject | Administration route | Dose and duration | Outcomes | Effects type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCFA | 1-d-old Cherry Valley male ducks, saline as control | 0% RPS diets, SCFA in drinking water | SCFA (67.5 mM acetate, 38.8 mM propionate, 22.8 mM butyrate) for 14 d | ↓ Pro-inflammatory genes expression in both gut and bone marrow; ↓ osteoclastic bone resorption | Beneficial effect | Zhang et al., 2022a, Zhang et al., 2022b |
| SCFA | C57BL/6J female mice, ovariectomized mice, arthritis model | Drinking water | 150 mM acetate, propionate and butyrate for 8 weeks | ↑ Bone mass; ↓ postmenopausal and inflammation-induced bone loss; ↓ osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption | Beneficial effect | Lucas et al. (2018) |
| Butyrate | Rat bone marrow cells and RAW-D cell | RAW-D cells were preincubated with butyrate, then stimulated with TNF-α for 30 min | butyrate (1 mM) for 24 h |
↓ Osteoclast-specific signals; ↓ HDAC activity regulates the process of osteoclastogenesis | Beneficial effect | Rahman et al. (2003) |
| Acetate | Male C57Bl/6 and C57Bl6 GFP Het mice gout model induced by MSU | Mice were treated with acetate, butyrate, and propionate during the 5 d before MSU challenged | 150 mM acetate in drinking water, butyrate (50 mM) or propionate (25 mM) by oral gavage | ↑ Caspase-dependent neutrophil apoptosis, efferocytosis, and ↓ inflammation | Beneficial effect | Vieira et al. (2017) |
| Butyrate | Dietary-obese C57BL/6J mice |
Diet supplementation at 5% (wt/wt) in the high-fat diet | Sodium butyrate at 5 g/kg per day at the normal daily rate of calorie intake | ↓ Diet-induced insulin resistance in mouse; ↑ energy expenditure; ↑ mitochondria function | Beneficial effect | Gao et al. (2009) |
| Butyrate | Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice | low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with butyrate | 5% butyrate (wt/wt) for 10 weeks | ↑ Insulin-sensitizing and anti-obesogenic; ↑ muscle mitochondrial function |
Beneficial effect | Henagan et al. (2015) |
| Acetate | Six-week-old C57BL/6 mice | Drinking water | 100, 200 or 300 mM sodium for 3 weeks | ↓ Colitis severity | Beneficial effect | Macia et al. (2015) |
| Butyrate | Four-week-old male db/db and db/m mice | – | 1 g/kg per day at the normal daily rate of calorie intake for 12 weeks | ↓ Muscle atrophy induced by diabetic nephropathy by activating the FFA2 receptor-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | Beneficial effect | Tang et al. (2022) |
SCFA = short chain fatty acids; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α; RPS = raw potato starch; HDAC = histone deacetylases; MSU = monosodium urate; FFA = free fatty acid; PI3K/Akt/mTOR = phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin. ↑ represents increase. ↓ represents decrease.