Table 3.

Summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of outcomes of one-stage and two-stage revision for shoulder PJI. *N.B. All outcomes reported or converted to reinfection rates rather than infection clearance/eradication rates for consistency.

	Institution	No. Shoulders	Findings*	Notes
Nelson, G. N. et al.17 (2016)	Rothman Institute for Orthopaedic Surgery, PA, USA	543	6.2 % reinfection rate for two-stage, 8.3 % for one-stage	38.9 % Cutibacterium acnes infections. No significant difference between one stage (with or without unexpected positive cultures) or two-stage revision protocols
George, D. et al.57 (2016)	University College London Hospitals, London, UK	217	9.2 % reinfection rate for two stage, 5.3 % for one-stage	Almost double the number of studies examining two-stage vs. one stage. No significant difference between groups.
Kunutsor, S.K. et al.58 (2019)	Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, UK	498	11.5 % reinfection rate for two-stage 5.3 % for one-stage.	147 one-stage, 351 two-stage. Higher infection clearance rate with one-stage vs. two-stage but significant. Robust methodology, protocol registered prospectively.
Fiore, M. et al.59 (2023)	IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli/University of Bologna, Italy	486	14.3 % reinfection rate for two-stage, 4.4 % for one-stage.	Significant difference reported, majority infections with P. acnes or S. epidermidis. Conclude single stage is at least as effective as two-stage revision.
Rodrigues-Lopes, R. et al.60 (2024)	University Hospital Center of Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal	711	8.8 % reinfection rate for two-stage, 1.2 % for one-stage.	185 shoulders for one-stage and 526 for two-stage revision. Mentions that the ‘right conditions’ are needed for one-stage; low virulence organism, favourable host and minimal bone loss.
Bdeir, M. et al.56 (2024)	University Medical Center Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Germany	1048	12.9 % two-stage reinfection rate, 10.9 % one-stage reinfection rate	Significant difference between two groups. 7x number of Staph. Aureus infections in one-stage group. Predominantly C. acnes. Double number of two-stage vs one-stage procedures.