Table 2.

Summary of themes and sub-themes for each domain.

Domain	Themes	Sub-themes
Local terminology and beliefs associated with ECF	Meanings associated with the terminology for ECF	Variations in local name for ECF across production systems
	Beliefs about ECF manifestation in different livestock	Parallels between ECF manifestation in different livestock
Perceived causes	Biological causes	Presence of vectors (ticks, mosquitoes, tsetse flies)
	Environmental and ecological contexts contributing to ECF outbreaks	Wildlife-livestock interactions
		Pasture quality and water sources
		Climate and seasonal patterns
Perceived signs	Diagnostic practices of ECF	Traditional diagnostic methods
Animal health seeking behavior	Treatment practices	Self-treatment vs. formal treatment
	Access to veterinary services	Barriers to accessing veterinary services, and decision-making in seeking treatment