Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suicidal behavior | ||||||
| None (n = 8044) | Passive (n = 317) | Active nonspecific (n = 258) | Active specific (n = 130) | Attempt (n = 58) | ||
| Racea | ||||||
| Asian | 188 (2.3) | 2 (0.6) | 5 (1.9) | 0 | 2 (3.4) | .001 |
| Black | 1162 (14.4) | 40 (12.6) | 46 (17.8) | 14 (10.8) | 11 (19.0) | |
| White | 5298 (65.9) | 216 (68.1) | 149 (57.8) | 86 (66.2) | 26 (44.8) | |
| Other and multiracialb | 1287 (16.0) | 58 (18.3) | 55 (21.3) | 26 (20.0) | 18 (31.0) | |
| Hispanic ethnicitya | ||||||
| No | 6331 (78.7) | 254 (80.1) | 204 (79.1) | 100 (76.9) | 44 (75.9) | .85 |
| Yes | 1624 (20.2) | 57 (18.0) | 53 (20.5) | 28 (21.5) | 13 (22.4) | |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <10 | 7949 (98.8) | 314 (99.1) | 254 (98.4) | 127 (97.7) | 57 (98.3) | .52 |
| ≥10 | 98 (1.2) | 3 (0.9) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (2.3) | 1 (1.7) | |
| Sex assigned at birth | ||||||
| Male | 4160 (51.7) | 154 (48.6) | 116 (45.0) | 58 (44.6) | 20 (34.5) | .007 |
| Female | 3887 (48.3) | 163 (51.4) | 142 (55.0) | 72 (55.4) | 38 (65.5) | |
| Parental educational levelc | ||||||
| <High school diploma | 369 (4.6) | 6 (1.9) | 13 (5.0) | 10 (7.7) | 2 (3.4) | .08 |
| High school diploma or GED | 709 (8.8) | 21 (6.6) | 22 (8.5) | 14 (10.8) | 10 (17.2) | |
| Some college | 1951 (24.2) | 86 (27.1) | 73 (28.3) | 34 (26.2) | 17 (29.3) | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 2119 (26.3) | 95 (30.0) | 65 (25.2) | 32 (24.6) | 13 (22.4) | |
| Postgraduate degree | 2890 (35.9) | 109 (34.4) | 85 (32.9) | 40 (30.8) | 15 (25.9) | |
| Parental marital status | ||||||
| Any other statusd | 2343 (29.1) | 92 (29.0) | 80 (31.0) | 53 (40.8) | 25 (43.1) | .007 |
| Married | 5648 (70.2) | 225 (71.0) | 176 (68.2) | 77 (59.2) | 31 (53.4) | |
| Annual household income, $ | ||||||
| <50 000 | 2011 (25.0) | 81 (25.6) | 85 (32.9) | 37 (28.5) | 20 (34.5) | .04 |
| ≥50 000 to <100 000 | 2127 (26.4) | 85 (26.8) | 63 (24.4) | 38 (29.2) | 17 (29.3) | |
| ≥100 000 | 3273 (40.7) | 124 (39.1) | 88 (34.1) | 48 (36.9) | 13 (22.4) | |
| Unknown | 636 (7.9) | 27 (8.5) | 22 (8.5) | 7 (5.4) | 8 (13.8) | |
| Sleep disturbancee | ||||||
| Minimal | 4300 (53.4) | 143 (45.1) | 104 (40.3) | 53 (40.8) | 23 (39.7) | <.001 |
| Moderate | 3004 (37.3) | 121 (38.2) | 113 (43.8) | 55 (42.3) | 24 (41.4) | |
| Elevated | 385 (4.8) | 22 (6.9) | 15 (5.8) | 10 (7.7) | 4 (6.9) | |
| High | 316 (3.9) | 24 (7.6) | 23 (8.9) | 8 (6.2) | 4 (6.9) | |
| Severe | 39 (0.5) | 7 (2.2) | 3 (1.2) | 4 (3.1) | 3 (5.2) | |
Abbreviation: GED, General Educational Development.
a
Race and ethnicity were provided by parents.
b
Other included American Indian and Alaska Native as well as Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander.
c
Educational level refers to the highest level of education attained by the reporting parent or their partner.
d
Any other status included living together and separated.
e
Sleep disturbance was assessed with the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, with scores ranging from 26 to 130. Cut points from a norming sample were used to categorize sleep disturbance as minimal (26-35), moderate (36-46), elevated (47-51), high (52-66), or severe (67-130).