Figure 4.

(A) Mean hydrated electron formation rates (R^e_aq–_f) of each system calculated from the slope of the inverse MCAA pseudo-first-order rate constant (k_obs^–1, min) as a function of initial MCAA concentration from Figure S12. Error bars represent the standard error from the slope regression. (B) Percent of total light (254 nm) absorbed by SO₃^2– (20 mM) at pH10 for different CNT and lignin concentrations measured through spectrophotometry. The dashed purple line indicates the percent light absorbed by 20 mM SO₃^2– at pH10 without particles. (C) Combined sulfite and sulfate (SO₃^2– + SO₄^2–) concentration (mM) with time of UV exposure in PFOA degradation experiments. Initial sulfite concentration is 20 mM and PFOA concentration of 12 μM at pH10 with 1 g/L particles. Error bars represent standard errors of experimental duplicates.