Table 2.

Illustration of importance of community expertise in the co-created design process.

Design aspect	Design concept with engineering consideration only	Collaborative design concept (community-based engineering consideration)
Simplicity	Map mounted on 4 × 4 post	Map mounted on case with closed edges so that cane would hit edges (vs. 4 × 4 post that would result in child hitting the edge of the map before the cane touched the post)
Map colors	Matches playground colors	Use high contrast colors that students with visual impairment were most likely to be able to distinguish (yellow and red)
Tactile patterns	Make patterns as similar to actual feel as possible (for example, gravel is tightly packed)	Space out tactile patterns so that children read the map quickly (the children would stay focused on tightly packed symbols)
“Angle of offering” for map	Zero degrees from horizontal (same plane as playground)	Test the best angle of offering; zero is not easy for children to use (30° from horizontal was optimal for students)
Height difference of map user	Anthropometrics and standards	Yes to engineering aspects, but for LSVI students, using stepstools was a critical learning element, so a hole for pull out step stool was added to map stand