Table 2.
General characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis
| Author/year/Ref | Country | Study design | Population | Sample size (Int./Cont.) |
Age (Int./Cont.) |
Gender (male/female) |
Male | Type of Chia | Dose (gr/day) |
Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Vuksan et al 2007 [42] |
Canada |
RCT-SB Cross-over |
Overweight T2DM |
20 (Int.:10/Cont.: 10) |
Int.: 64 (± 8) Cont.: 64 (± 8) |
11/9 | 55% | Chia seeds | 37 | 24 weeks |
|
Nieman et al (male) 2009 [30] |
USA | RCT-SB |
Overweight Obese |
28 (Int.:14/Cont.: 14) |
Range: 20–70 | 28/0 | 100% | Chia seeds | 50 | 12 weeks |
|
Nieman et al (female) 2009 [30] |
USA | RCT-SB |
Overweight Obese |
48 (Int.:25/Cont.: 23) |
Range: 20–70 | 0/48 | 0% | Chia seeds | 50 | 12 weeks |
|
Nieman et al 2012 [38] |
USA | RCT-DB |
Overweight Obese Postmenopausal |
42 (Int.:16/Cont.: 26) |
Int.: 60.4 (± 6.4) Cont.: 58.5 (± 5.6) |
0/56 | 0% | Whole Chia seeds | 25 | 10 weeks |
|
Nieman et al 2012 [38] |
USA | RCT-DB |
Overweight Obese Postmenopausal |
40 (Int.:14/Cont.: 26) |
Int.: 57.2 (± 6.36) Cont.: 58.5 (± 5.6) |
0/56 | 0% | Miled Chia seeds | 25 | 10 weeks |
|
Brissette et al 2013 [64] |
Canada | RCT-DB |
Overweight Obese T2DM |
58 (Int.:27/Cont.: 31) |
Int.: 60 (± 1.6) Cont.: 60 (± 1.6) |
18/40 | 31% | Chia seeds | 30 | 24 weeks |
| Toscano et al. 2014 [39] | Brazil | RCT-DB |
Overweight Hypertension |
26 (Int.:19/Cont.: 7) |
Int.: 48.8 (± 7.84) Cont.: 51.4 (± 8.2) |
NR | NR | Chia flour | 35 | 12 weeks |
| Toscano et al. 2015 [31] | Brazil | RCT-DB |
Overweight Obese |
26 (Int.:19/Cont.: 7) |
Int.: 48.8 (± 8.71) Cont.: 51.4 (± 13.07) |
NR | NR | Chia flour | 35 | 12 weeks |
|
Vuksan et al. 2017 [16] |
Canada | RCT-DB |
Overweight Obese T2DM |
58 (Int.27/Cont.: 31) |
Int.: 60 (± 2) Cont.: 60 (± 2) |
18/40 | 31% | Chia seeds | 30 | 24 weeks |
| C. S. da Silva et al. 2020 [65] | Brazil | RCT-DB |
Overweight Obese children |
16 (Int.:8/Cont.: 8) |
Int.: 8.62 (± 1.69) Cont.: 8.75 (± 1.59) |
8/8 | 50% | Chia seeds | 25 | 11 weeks |
|
Alwosais et al 2021 [66] |
Kuwait | RCT-DB |
Overweight T2DM |
42 (Int.:20/Cont.: 22) |
Int.: 51.8 (± 8.9) Cont.: 52.7 (± 7.3) |
22/20 | 52% | Chia seeds | 40 | 12 weeks |
| Quaresma et al. 2023 [67] | Brazil | RCT-SB |
Overweight Obese |
20 (Int.:11/Cont.: 9) |
NR | 0/20 | 0% | Chia flour | 30 | 12 weeks |
Ref.: references; RCT: randomized clinical trial; SB: Single-blind; DB: Double-blind; Int.: Intervention; Cont.: Control; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NR: not reported; (mean, SD)
Vuksan, V., et al., [42], Nieman, D.C., et al., [30], Nieman, D.C., et al., [38], Brissette, C., [64], Toscano, L.T., et al. [39], Toscano, L.T., et al., [31], Vuksan, V., et al., [16], da Silva, C.S., et al., [65], Alwosais, E.Z.M., et al., [66], Quaresma, L.S., et al., [67]