Table 2.

Mechanisms of obesity caused by the gut microbiome and treatment.

Mechanisms	Treatments	References
Endotoxin-induced chronic inflammation	Dietary interventions: high dietary fiber, tea polyphenols	[[43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60],61,[62], [63], [64], [65], [66]]
Adipose tissue browning interference	Probiotic supplementation	[[67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72],[73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85]]
microbiome imbalances	Antibiotic application (β-lactams, macrolides and vancomycin)	[[86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91],[92], [93], [94]]
Gut microbiome-induced energy accumulation	Metformin, acarbose	[95,96,[97], [98], [99], [100]]
Regulation of metabolic pathways	Fecal microbiota transplantation	[[101], [102], [103],[104], [105], [106],107,108,109]
Regulation of bile acid anabolism		[110,[111], [112], [113]]