Table 2. Clinical presentation of the study participants.
All values shown are n(%) unless otherwise indicated.
| Control (routine iCCM) (N = 587) |
Intervention (STAR study algorithm) (N = 633) |
Total (N = 1,220) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Days since first fever | |||
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 2.0 (2.0, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) |
| Danger signs | |||
| N/A—no danger signs | 562 (95.7%) | 618 (97.6%) | 1,180 (96.7%) |
| Vomiting everything | 4 (0.7%) | 6 (0.9%) | 10 (0.8%) |
| Not able to drink or breastfeed | 4 (0.7%) | 4 (0.6%) | 8 (0.7%) |
| Convulsions | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| Severe chest in-drawing | 4 (0.7%) | 1 (0.2%) | 5 (0.4%) |
| Very sleepy or unconscious/difficult to wake | 2 (0.3%) | 5 (0.8%) | 7 (0.6%) |
| Symptoms | |||
| Skin rash | 27 (4.6%) | 36 (5.7%) | 63 (5.2%) |
| Cough | 569 (96.9%) | 627 (99.1%) | 1,196 (98.0%) |
| Headache | 116 (19.8%) | 85 (13.4%) | 201 (16.5%) |
| Runny nose | 163 (27.8%) | 184 (29.1%) | 347 (28.4%) |
| Diarrhea | 80 (13.6%) | 82 (13.0%) | 162 (13.3%) |
| Not eating | 31 (5.3%) | 43 (6.8%) | 74 (6.1%) |
| Stridor | 2 (0.3%) | 3 (0.5%) | 5 (0.4%) |
| Fever | 583 (99.3%) | 628 (99.2%) | 1,211 (99.3%) |
| Muscle aches | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| Fatigue | 4 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.3%) |
| Sore throat | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.2%) |
| Joint pains | 10 (1.7%) | 7 (1.1%) | 17 (1.4%) |
| Vomiting | 41 (7.0%) | 55 (8.7%) | 96 (7.9%) |
| Fast breathing | 194 (33.0%) | 140 (22.1%) | 334 (27.4%) |
| Wheezing | 9 (1.5%) | 18 (2.8%) | 27 (2.2%) |
| Other | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) |
| Vital Signs | |||
| Fevera | 514 (87.6%) | 501 (79.1%) | 1,015 (83.2%) |
| Tachypneab | 522 (89.4%) | 537 (86.1%) | 1,059 (87.7%) |
| Missing | 3 | 9 | 12 |
| Tachycardiac,d | 10 (7.2%) | 23 (19.5%) | 33 (12.8%) |
| Missing | 448 | 514 | 962 |
| Hypoxiac,d | 43 (30.7%) | 26 (22.0%) | 69 (26.7%) |
| Missing | 447 | 515 | 962 |
| MUAC | |||
| Severe acute malnutrition | 7 (1.2%) | 10 (1.6%) | 17 (1.4%) |
| Moderate acute malnutrition | 8 (1.4%) | 13 (2.1%) | 21 (1.7%) |
| Adequately nourished | 572 (97.4%) | 608 (96.4%) | 1,080 (96.9%) |
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Antibiotic treatment in the last 2 weeks | |||
| Yes | 29 (4.9%) | 47 (7.4%) | 76 (6.2%) |
| Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Seen at another clinic for this same problem? | |||
| Yes | 89 (15.2%) | 139 (22.0%) | 228 (18.7%) |
| mRDT Positive | 310 (52.8%) | 318 (50.2%) | 628 (51.5%) |
| Missing | 0 | 2 | 2 |
aFever defined as an axillary temperature of >/ = 38.0°C.
bTachycardia defined as >160 bpm for age 2 months–1 year, >150 bpm for ages 1–3 years, and >140 bpm for ages 3–5 years (43).
cTachypnea was defined as RR > = 50 for children 2–11 months and RR > = 40 for children 12 months or older.
dHypoxia defined as oxygen saturation (SpO2) of <90%. Only 1 CHW per village was given a pulse oximeter.
bpm, breaths per minute; CHW, community health worker; iCCM, Integrated Community Care Management; mRDT, malaria rapid diagnostic test; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; RR, respiratory rate.