Table 4.

The overall effect of vitamin D supplement on the HDL and LDL in patients with diabetes based on continent, age, BMI, diabetes duration, dose of intervention, and follow-up duration.

Variables		Category	No. study	Pooled MSD (95% CI)	Heterogeneity assessment between studies			Heterogeneity assessment between subgroup		Publication bias assessments
					I 2	p value	Q	Q	p value	β	SE	p value
HDL	Overall SMD		30 (38)	0.13 (0.04–0.29)	79.33%	≤0.001	179.01	—	—	−0.22	1.084	0.840
	Continent	Europe	7 (13)	0.07 (0.01–0.13)	0.00%	0.51	11.23	5.21	0.07
		Asia	22 (23)	0.16 (0.11–0.42)	84.00%	≤0.001	137.51
		America	1 (2)	0.59 (0.12–1.30)	87.39%	≤0.001	7.93
	Age	<60	18 (20)	0.10 (0.04–0.17)	71.68%	≤0.001	67.09	7.86	0.01
		>60	12 (18)	0.37 (0.12–0.61)	78.09%	≤0.001	77.58
	BMI	<30	19 (24)	0.19 (0.02–0.41)	77.81%	≤0.001	103.64	0.94	0.33
		>30	10 (13)	0.01 (−0.30 to 0.31)	84.06%	≤0.001	75.29
	Disease duration	<10	10 (12)	0.12 (−0.22 to 0.46)	83.85%	≤0.001	68.12	—	—
	Intervention	<50,000	15 (21)	0.15 (0.09–0.39)	81.19%	≤0.001	106.32	0.10	0.95
		50,000–100,000	14 (16)	0.10 (0.03–0.35)	79.28%	≤0.001	72.40
		>100,000	1 (1)	0.12 (0.06–0.44)	—	—	—
	Follow-up duration	8 weeks	6 (6)	0.10 (0.03–0.30)	0.00%	0.46	4.65	8.54	0.13
		12 weeks	11 (11)	0.11 (0.05–0.28)	19.17%	0.26	12.37
		16 weeks	5 (5)	0.53 (0.33–1.19)	87.65%	≤0.001	32.40
		24 weeks	12 (12)	0.31 (0.04–0.67)	84.86%	≤0.001	72.67
		36 weeks	1 (1)	0.32 (0.40–1.04)	—	—	—
		48 weeks	3 (3)	0.43 (0.25–1.11)	78.71%	0.01	9.39
LDL	Overall SMD		27 (34)	−0.11 (−0.28 to −0.05)	73.66%	≤0.001	125.15	—	—	−2.68	1.015	0.008
	Continent	Europe	20 (21)	0.00 (−0.20 to 0.20)	37.04%	0.10	15.88	1.08	0.58
		Asia	6 (11)	−0.16 (−0.38 to 0.07)	76.85%	≤0.001	86.41
		America	1 (2)	0.01 (−1.11 to 1.12)	94.92%	≤0.001	19.68
	Age	<60	16 (17)	−0.07 (−0.21 to 0.07)	28.81%	0.13	22.48	0.38	0.54
		>60	11 (17)	−0.17 (−0.47 to 0.13)	84.43%	≤0.001	102.79
	BMI	<30	17 (21)	−0.16 (−0.41 to 0.09)	77.04%	≤0.001	87.11	0.37	0.54
		>30	9 (12)	−0.05 (−0.28 to 0.17)	68.88%	≤0.001	35.35
	Disease duration	<10	9 (11)	−0.32 (−0.72 to 0.09)	87.60%	≤0.001	80.62	—	—
	Intervention	<50,000	14 (19)	−0.23 (−0.52 to −0.06)	82.19%	≤0.001	101.09	2.10	0.15
		50,000–100,000	13 (15)	0.01 (−0.13 to 0.15)	30.75%	0.12	20.22
	Follow-up duration	8 weeks	5 (5)	−0.02 (−0.27 to 0.24)	32.52%	0.20	5.93	9.48	0.09
		12 weeks	11 (11)	−0.17 (−0.40, −0.07)	56.46%	0.01	22.97
		16 weeks	3 (3)	0.18 (−0.13, 0.49)	0.00%	0.62	0.95
		24 weeks	11 (11)	−0.26 (−0.64, −0.13)	86.61%	≤0.001	74.67
		36 weeks	1 (1)	−0.04 (−0.76, −0.67)	—	—	—
		48 weeks	3 (3)	0.37 (0.03–0.71)	23.83%	0.27	2.63