Table 1.

Hepatokines and osteokines involved in the liver-bone axis.

Type and Head	Name	Secreted by	Effect on liver	Effect on bone
Hepatokines	Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 (BMP 9)	Hepatic stellate cell	Inhibit hepatosteatosis	Increase bone formation and suppress bone resorption
	Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)	Hepatocyte	Alleviate the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)	Maintain bone mass
	Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)	Hepatocyte	Biomarker for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) Lipid regulation Downregulate liver fibrosis	Promote the differentiation of osteoblasts
	Hepcidin	Hepatocyte	Supress iron overload and oxidative stress	Maintain bone mass
	Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)	Hepatocyte	Reverse cholesterol transportation to liver and alleviate liver fibrosis	Promote the differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibited the differentiation of osteoclasts
	Fetuin A	Hepatocyte	Potential biomarker in the development of MAFLD	Modulation of bone mineralization
	Vitamin D	Hepatocyte	Inhibit insulin resistance, alleviate steatosis, necroinflammation and fibrosis in MAFLD	Stimulate the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
	Prostaglandins (PGs)	Hepatocyte	Positively associate with and liver fat and insulin resistance	Regulatie the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of osteoblast and osteoclast
Osteokines	Osteocalcin (OC)	Osteoblast	Supress accumulation of lipids in liver	Promote bone mineralization and increases bone strength
	Sclerostin	Osteocyte	High sclerostin levels are related to fat deposition and associated with deranged liver function	Decrease bone formation
	Osteopontin (OPN)	Osteoblast &osteoclast	Activate hepatic stellate cells which accelerating the development of MAFLD and even to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	Activate osteoclastic bone resorption and reduce osteoblastic bone formation