Table 3.
Effect of the combined treatments of chemical insecticides Barazide and bioinsecticides B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae against 5th instar larvae of S. litura.
| Treatment/Concentration | Observed mortality (%) |
Expected Mortality (%) |
χ2value |
Calculated values | Interaction | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24h | 48h | 72h | 96 h | 24h | 48h | 72h | 96 h | 24h | 48h | 72h | 96 h | |||
| Barazide @0.008 % | 30.40 ± 2.34 | 38.10 ± 2.61 | 53.90 ± 2.04 | 67.30 ± 2.15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Barazide @0.01 % | 39.10 ± 2.13 | 44.30 ± 2.41 | 60.70 ± 1.88 | 74.40 ± 2.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Barazide @0.1 % | 43.60 ± 1.52 | 51.90 ± 1.99 | 70.80 ± 1.22 | 82.00 ± 1.72 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @0.5 % | 25.40 ± 3.24 | 33.60 ± 2.93 | 45.50 ± 3.21 | 63.90 ± 1.82 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @1.00 % | 31.10 ± 4.71 | 40.30 ± 2.43 | 51.00 ± 3.74 | 70.00 ± 2.89 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @1.5 % | 38.20 ± 2.89 | 47.90 ± 3.14 | 63.00 ± 2.73 | 78.00 ± 2.91 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Barazide @0.1 % + B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @0.5 % |
35.70 ± 3.83 | 44.60 ± 2.58 | 57.00 ± 2.37 | 75.40 ± 3.35 | 36.88 | 46.65 | 61.80 | 76.84 | 4.73 | 5.22 | 5.59 | 4.82 | 20.36* | Synergistic |
| Barazide @0.1 % + B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 1.0 % |
40.90 ± 4.12 | 51.10 ± 2.36 | 62.00 ± 2.63 | 82.70 ± 2.23 | 23.94 | 32.23 | 44.22 | 62.70 | 5.77 | 4.74 | 3.69 | 2.57 | 16.77 | Additive |
| Barazide @0.1 % + B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @1.5 % |
50.10 ± 4.32 | 62.70 ± 4.09 | 80.40 ± 3.69 | 96.10 ± 3.54 | 29.74 | 39.00 | 49.76 | 68.80 | 4.18 | 3.75 | 3.01 | 2.80 | 13.74 | Additive |
| Control | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| B. bassiana @0.5 % | 19.90 ± 2.52 | 26.90 ± 3.29 | 35.40 ± 1.89 | 55.00 ± 4.59 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| B. bassiana @1.00 % | 25.80 ± 3.58 | 35.70 ± 2.42 | 43.30 ± 4.27 | 63.70 ± 5.85 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| B. bassiana @1.5 % | 31.90 ± 2.58 | 43.48 ± 3.99 | 54.90 ± 3.58 | 73.00 ± 4.16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Barazide@0.1 % + B. bassiana @0.5 % |
28.10 ± 2.53 | 35.40 ± 4.24 | 44.80 ± 3.38 | 65.10 ± 2.65 | 18.41 | 25.53 | 34.10 | 53.79 | 5.10 | 3.81 | 3.35 | 2.37 | 14.63* | Additive |
| Barazide@0.1 % + B. bassiana @1.0 % |
33.20 ± 2.73 | 44.90 ± 4.25 | 52.90 ± 2.52 | 72.10 ± 2.73 | 24.46 | 34.41 | 42.05 | 62.55 | 3.12 | 3.19 | 2.79 | 1.45 | 10.55* | Additive |
| Barazide@0.1 % + B. bassiana @1.5 % |
40.00 ± 3.58 | 52.20 ± 2.38 | 62.40 ± 4.32 | 81.40 ± 3.56 | 30.61 | 42.25 | 53.74 | 71.87 | 2.88 | 2.34 | 1.39 | 1.26 | 7.87* | Additive |
| Control | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| M. anisopliae @0.5 % | 17.90 ± 3.59 | 24.90 ± 3.69 | 33.40 ± 3.65 | 53.00 ± 2.83 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| M. anisopliae @1.00 % | 23.00 ± 3.38 | 32.90 ± 2.89 | 43.00 ± 3.19 | 62.30 ± 1.72 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| M. anisopliae @1.5 % | 28.70 ± 3.40 | 41.48 ± 2.39 | 51.90 ± 1.82 | 69.00 ± 3.46 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Barazide@0.1 % + M. anisopliae @0.5 % |
25.20 ± 3.42 | 32.60 ± 3.54 | 41.50 ± 2.43 | 62.10 ± 3.68 | 16.24 | 23.42 | 32.02 | 51.75 | 4.94 | 3.59 | 2.80 | 2.07 | 13.04* | Additive |
| Barazide@0.1 % + M. anisopliae @1.0 % |
30.40 ± 2.23 | 40.40 ± 4.04 | 50.80 ± 3.99 | 70.10 ± 4.23 | 21.49 | 31.49 | 41.74 | 61.12 | 3.69 | 2.52 | 1.96 | 1.31 | 09.48* | Additive |
| Barazide@0.1 % + M. anisopliae @1.5 % |
36.80 ± 5.23 | 49.80 ± 3.75 | 59.40 ± 2.76 | 76.40 ± 3.22 | 27.26 | 40.19 | 50.67 | 67.80 | 3.33 | 2.29 | 1.50 | 1.09 | 08.21* | Additive |
| Control | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Mean ± SE for the mortality observed; Expected mortality ME = MC + MB/(1-MC) or ME = MC + MF/(1-MC), where MC, MB and MF are the observed percentage mortality caused by combined application of insecticide with biopesticides, bacteria and fungus. Test for interaction based on χ2 with 9 df, using the formula χ2 = (MBI-ME)2/ME or χ2 = (MFI-ME)2/ME, where MBI is the mortality observed caused by bacteria + insecticide and where MFI is the observed mortality caused by fungus + insecticide. *p < 0.05 statistically significant.