Skip to main content
. 2024 Aug 29;10(17):e37175. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37175

Table 3.

Effect of the combined treatments of chemical insecticides Barazide and bioinsecticides B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae against 5th instar larvae of S. litura.

Treatment/Concentration Observed mortality (%)
Expected Mortality (%)
χ2value
Calculated values Interaction
24h 48h 72h 96 h 24h 48h 72h 96 h 24h 48h 72h 96 h
Barazide @0.008 % 30.40 ± 2.34 38.10 ± 2.61 53.90 ± 2.04 67.30 ± 2.15
Barazide @0.01 % 39.10 ± 2.13 44.30 ± 2.41 60.70 ± 1.88 74.40 ± 2.00
Barazide @0.1 % 43.60 ± 1.52 51.90 ± 1.99 70.80 ± 1.22 82.00 ± 1.72
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @0.5 % 25.40 ± 3.24 33.60 ± 2.93 45.50 ± 3.21 63.90 ± 1.82
B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @1.00 % 31.10 ± 4.71 40.30 ± 2.43 51.00 ± 3.74 70.00 ± 2.89
B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @1.5 % 38.20 ± 2.89 47.90 ± 3.14 63.00 ± 2.73 78.00 ± 2.91
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Barazide @0.1 %
+ B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @0.5 %
35.70 ± 3.83 44.60 ± 2.58 57.00 ± 2.37 75.40 ± 3.35 36.88 46.65 61.80 76.84 4.73 5.22 5.59 4.82 20.36* Synergistic
Barazide @0.1 %
+ B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 1.0 %
40.90 ± 4.12 51.10 ± 2.36 62.00 ± 2.63 82.70 ± 2.23 23.94 32.23 44.22 62.70 5.77 4.74 3.69 2.57 16.77 Additive
Barazide @0.1 %
+ B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki @1.5 %
50.10 ± 4.32 62.70 ± 4.09 80.40 ± 3.69 96.10 ± 3.54 29.74 39.00 49.76 68.80 4.18 3.75 3.01 2.80 13.74 Additive
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
B. bassiana @0.5 % 19.90 ± 2.52 26.90 ± 3.29 35.40 ± 1.89 55.00 ± 4.59
B. bassiana @1.00 % 25.80 ± 3.58 35.70 ± 2.42 43.30 ± 4.27 63.70 ± 5.85
B. bassiana @1.5 % 31.90 ± 2.58 43.48 ± 3.99 54.90 ± 3.58 73.00 ± 4.16
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Barazide@0.1 %
+ B. bassiana @0.5 %
28.10 ± 2.53 35.40 ± 4.24 44.80 ± 3.38 65.10 ± 2.65 18.41 25.53 34.10 53.79 5.10 3.81 3.35 2.37 14.63* Additive
Barazide@0.1 %
+ B. bassiana @1.0 %
33.20 ± 2.73 44.90 ± 4.25 52.90 ± 2.52 72.10 ± 2.73 24.46 34.41 42.05 62.55 3.12 3.19 2.79 1.45 10.55* Additive
Barazide@0.1 %
+ B. bassiana @1.5 %
40.00 ± 3.58 52.20 ± 2.38 62.40 ± 4.32 81.40 ± 3.56 30.61 42.25 53.74 71.87 2.88 2.34 1.39 1.26 7.87* Additive
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
M. anisopliae @0.5 % 17.90 ± 3.59 24.90 ± 3.69 33.40 ± 3.65 53.00 ± 2.83
M. anisopliae @1.00 % 23.00 ± 3.38 32.90 ± 2.89 43.00 ± 3.19 62.30 ± 1.72
M. anisopliae @1.5 % 28.70 ± 3.40 41.48 ± 2.39 51.90 ± 1.82 69.00 ± 3.46
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
Barazide@0.1 %
+ M. anisopliae @0.5 %
25.20 ± 3.42 32.60 ± 3.54 41.50 ± 2.43 62.10 ± 3.68 16.24 23.42 32.02 51.75 4.94 3.59 2.80 2.07 13.04* Additive
Barazide@0.1 %
+ M. anisopliae @1.0 %
30.40 ± 2.23 40.40 ± 4.04 50.80 ± 3.99 70.10 ± 4.23 21.49 31.49 41.74 61.12 3.69 2.52 1.96 1.31 09.48* Additive
Barazide@0.1 %
+ M. anisopliae @1.5 %
36.80 ± 5.23 49.80 ± 3.75 59.40 ± 2.76 76.40 ± 3.22 27.26 40.19 50.67 67.80 3.33 2.29 1.50 1.09 08.21* Additive
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00

Mean ± SE for the mortality observed; Expected mortality ME = MC + MB/(1-MC) or ME = MC + MF/(1-MC), where MC, MB and MF are the observed percentage mortality caused by combined application of insecticide with biopesticides, bacteria and fungus. Test for interaction based on χ2 with 9 df, using the formula χ2 = (MBI-ME)2/ME or χ2 = (MFI-ME)2/ME, where MBI is the mortality observed caused by bacteria + insecticide and where MFI is the observed mortality caused by fungus + insecticide. *p < 0.05 statistically significant.