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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2024 Jun 4;165(10):2379–2386. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003286

Table 4.

Effect of PTSD at baseline on daily opioid among prescription opioid users at 6-month follow-up

Unadjusted Fully Adjusted Fully Adjusted with imputation for missing values
Non-stratified 1.12 (0.72–1.76) 0.79 (0.48–1.31) 0.77 (0.46–1.29)
High ES 1.06 (0.58–1.94) 0.83 (0.42–1.62) 0.81 (0.40–1.63)
Not High ES 0.93 (0.46–1.87) 0.65 (0.27–1.57) 0.62 (0.25–1.53)
p-value for interaction 0.7895 0.5246 0.6622