Table 1.

Nature products for the treatment of psoriasis.

S. N.	Phytochemicals	Cell/animal model	Method for detecting	Outcomes offered by natural products	References
1	Celastrol	HaCaT and primary human	MTT assay	Increased apoptosis via Bcl-2 attenuation and Bax	(33)
2	Dehydrocostuslactone and costunolide	Primary human Keratinocytes 3D	Annexin-V staining	Inhibited proliferation and inflammation-related genes	(34)
3	Thymol	ovalbumin (Ova)-immunized mice	flow cytometry	The levels of INF γ and IL-17 in CD4 + Tbet + cells were decreased, and the levels of IL-17 in CD4 + Tbet + and CD4 + RORγ T + cells were decreased	(35)
4	Abietic acid	BALB/c mice (Male) BALB/c mice (Male)	flow cytometry flow cytometry	Th17 cell differentiation was inhibited, and TNF-α, IL-17A, TGF-1β, IL-23 levels were down-regulated The proportion of Th17 cells was significantly decreased, and that of Treg cells (CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+) was significantly increased	(36, 37)
5	Betulinic acid	BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice	Western blot	Inhibited NF-κB signal in skin injury and decreased il-17A production	(38)
6	Paeoniflorin	BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice HaCaT and BALB/c Mice; Psoriatic patients		Th17 cytokine expression was inhibited by affecting STAT3 phosphorylation and RORγ T expression TNF-α-induced chemokine production and leukocyte migration was inhibited by NF-κB and ERK pathways	(39, 40)
7	Resveratrol	Primary culture of human keratinocytes Primary culture of human keratinocytes	MTT assay and hemocytometer cell counting 7-aminoactinomycin D assay	Dose-dependent antiproliferative activity Reduced aquaporin 3 expression	(41)
8	Curcumin	TNF-α-activated HaCaT HaCaT TNF-α-activated HaCaT	Annexin-V staining Nuclei staining Cell counting kit-8 and LDH assay	Apoptosis is the main mechanism for antiproliferation of HaCaT Increased apoptosis by the combination with UVA or visible light Increased apoptosis by the combination with red and blue light	(42–44)
9	Rottlerin	Primary culture of human keratinocytes	MTT assay	Increased apoptosis in an autophagy-dependent pathway	(45, 46)
10	Rhodomyrtone	HaCaT/rabbit Human skin Organ culture/ICR mouse	MTT assay Histology	Elevated apoptosis with no skin irritation Reduced epidermal thickness and hyperplasia	(47)
11	Rhododendrin	Normal human keratinocytes/C57BL/6 mouse	MTT assay	Inhibited proliferation and epidermal thickness	(48)
12	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Balb/c mouse	Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen	Inhibited epidermal thickness and differentiation regulation	(49)
13	Baicalein	HaCaT	Cell counting	proliferation without affecting ROS production	(50)
14	Delphinidin	Reconstructed psoriatic skin equivalent Flaky skin mice (fsn/fsn)	Ki-67 and PCNA	Inhibited proliferation and inflammation Reduced pathological markers of psoriasiform lesions, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines	(51, 52)
15	Amentoflavone	HaCaT/Balb/c mouse	Cell counting kit	Inhibited proliferation and epidermal thickness	(53)
16	Kaempferol	Rat		Reduce PIM1-mediated FOXP3 phosphorylation at S422 and increase FOXP3 expression level in Treg cells	(54)
17	Luteolin	HaCaT and BALB/c mice (Male)		Inhibited the expression of IFN- γ and reduced the promoting effect of IFN-γ; Inhibit HSP90 expression and exosome	(55)
18	Taxifolin	HaCaT and BALB/C mice		Th17 cell differentiation is regulated by inhibition of Notch1 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways	(56)
19	Genistein	Psoriasis-model in mice		causes a reduction of cytokine expressions such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, IL-17, and IL-23	(57)
20	Naringin	Clinical trials on 20 patients		inhibitory effect on TNF-α and IL-6 production	(58)
21	Quercitrin	IMQ-stimulated mice		Reduce levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17	(59)
22	Amentoflavone	HaCaT		reducing the levels of cyclin D1, IL-17A, and IL-22	(53)
23	Astilbin	BALB/c mice		The differentiation and function of Th17 cells were inhibited by JAK3/STAT3 pathway	(60)
24	Glabridin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice/HaCaT cells		Inhibited the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-22, and IL-23 and CCL2	(61)
25	Hesperidin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice/LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells		Modulated the secretion levels of serum leptin, adiponectin, and resistin and inhibited the activation of the IRS-1/erk1/2	(62)
26	Hispidulin	IMQ-induced C57BL/6 J mice/Activated keratinocytes		Alleviated pathologically increased levels of immunoglobulin G2a, myeloperoxidase, and TNF-α, splenic, reduced Th1 and Th17 cell populations, and inhibited gene expression of Th1- and Th17-associated cytokines and chemokines, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB	(63)
27	Berberine	BALB/c mice (Female)		Th17 and Th1 cell differentiation is inhibited by inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway	(64)