Table 3. miRNAs associated with altered fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes.

Model	Source	miRNA regulation	Functional outcome/target	Fetal growth outcome	Reference
GDM	Human placental tissue	↑ miR-508-3p ↓ miR-27a ↓ miR-9 ↓ miR-137 ↓ miR-92a ↓ miR-33a ↓ miR-30d ↓ miR-362-5p ↓ miR-502-5p	EGFR signalling	Macrosomia	[283]
GDM/T2DM	Human maternal serum and placental tissue	↑ miR-16/↓ miR-16	CUL4A SMAD1 EGFR ACTB RRP12 DAB2	Macrosomia/SGA	[284,285]
GDM	Human maternal plasma and placental tissue	↓ miR-517a	↑ IGF-1 and trophoblast proliferation	Macrosomia	[286]
GDM and T2DM	Human placental tissue	↓ miR-126-3p	IRS1 PI3K	Lower birth weight	[209]

Abbreviations: ACTB, β-actin; CUL4A, Cullin 4A; DAB2, Disabled-2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RRP12, ribosomal RNA processing 12 homolog; SMAD1, small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic family 1