TABLE 1.

Summary of three types of vascular access in hemodialysis.

Access type	Advantages	Challenges/Limitations	Clinical uses	Patient outcomes/Success rates	Citation
AVF	High patency rates, lower complication rates	- Lengthy maturation process - High failure rates of maturation - Around 55% usability within 4 months in the US	Preferred if patient’s vasculature is suitable	- Infection rate: 0.5%–1.5% perpatient-year - High primary unassisted patency rate: e.g., 57% and 71% for female and male patients after 5 years - Less likely to be abandoned	Asif et al. (2006), Li et al. (2018), Lawson et al. (2020), Hafeez et al. (2023), Liu (2023)
AVG	Suitable for patients with unsuitable vessels for AVF, reliable access	- Prone to neointimal hyperplasia - Complications at graft-vein anastomosis	Used when AVFs are not viable	- Infection rate: 13% - Primary patency at 2 years ∼40%, Secondary patency ∼60%	Hudson et al. (2019), Murea et al. (2019), Lawson et al. (2020), Halbert et al. (2020)
CVC	Immediate access, temporary solution	High rates of infection, thrombosis, and vein stenosis	Used when other options are not feasible	- Primary patency failure: 91% within the first year - Highest infection and complication rates among the three	Lawson et al. (2020)