Table 1. Direction of Associations Between Electronic Health Record Nudges and Health Care Quality and Patient Outcomes.

Outcome type	Total No. of measures	No. (%)
		No. of measures with associations		No. of measures
		With improved outcomes	With worsened outcomes	With mixed associations	With null associations
Patient safety	12	4 (33.3)	0	2 (16.7)	6 (50.0)
Effectiveness	48	19 (39.6)	0	13 (27.1)	16 (25.0)
Patient-centeredness	3	3 (100.0)	0	0	0
Timeliness	0	NA	NA	NA	NA
Efficiency	4	0	0	0	4 (100.0)
Descriptive	38	30 (78.9)	0	1 (2.6)	7 (18.4)
Patient-reported outcomes	3	0	0	1 (33.3)	2 (66.7)
Patient adherence	2	1 (50.0)	0	0	1 (50.0)
Clinical outcomes	7	1 (14.3)	0	0	6 (85.7)

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.