Table 2. Characteristics of adult white European and Ugandan participants with early-onset and late-onset T2D.
| Characteristics | Adult white European population with recently diagnosed T2D(n=714) | Adult black Ugandan population with recently diagnosed T2D(n=500) | ||||
| <40 years(n=113, 15.8%) | ≥40 years(n=601, 84.2%) | P value | <40 years(n=134, 26.8%) | ≥40 years(n=366, 73.2%) | P value | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 32.7 (31.7–33.7) | 54.7 (53.8–55.5) | <0.001 | 32.9 (32.0–33.8) | 54.0 (53.0–55.0) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 59 (52.2) | 235 (39.1) | 0.01 | 71 (53.0) | 212 (57.9) | 0.32 |
| Parental history of T2D,n (%) | 56 (49.6) | 262 (43.6) | 0.26 | 54 (40.3) | 137 (37.4) | 0.68 |
| Co-existing hypertension, n (%) | 12 (10.6) | 256 (42.6) | <0.001 | 16 (11.9) | 155 (42.4) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127.8 (125.3–130.3) | 135.6 (134.2–137.0) | <0.001 | 120 (117–122) | 129 (127–131) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80.2 (78.4–82.0) | 81.1 (80.3–82.0) | 0.27 | 81 (79–83) | 85 (84–86) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36.7 (35.2–38.1) | 33.0 (32.4–33.6) | <0.001 | 27.3 (26.2–28.4) | 27.9 (27.3–28.5) | 0.29 |
| Body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, n (%) | 93 (82.3) | 381 (63.4) | <0.001 | 43 (32.6) | 128 (35.2) | 0.48 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 112.4 (109.1–115.6) | 108.8 (107.6–110.1) | 0.06 | 93.1 (89.9–96.3) | 97.4 (95.9–98.8) | 0.006 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 119.4 (116.5–122.3) | 112.5 (111.4–113.6) | <0.001 | 104.2 (98.4–110.0) | 104.2 (102.7–105.7) | 0.99 |
| Waist: hip ratio | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.003 | 0.89 (0.88–0.91) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.65 (4.97–6.32) | 5.12 (5.00–5.25) | 0.17 | 4.03 (3.83–4.20) | 4.22 (4.08–4.36) | 0.17 |
| HDLC, mmol/L | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | 0.002 | 0.94 (0.70–1.15) | 0.96 (0.76–1.23) | 0.52 |
| LDLC, mmol/L | 3.11 (2.84–3.39) | 2.92 (2.80–3.05) | 0.22 | 2.56 (2.38–2.73) | 2.76 (2.64–2.88) | 0.07 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 3.87 (1.68–6.06) | 3.33 (2.83–3.83) | 0.29 | 1.54 (1.39–1.70) | 1.60 (1.50–1.71) | 0.55 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 77.6 (72.5–82.8) | 72.4 (70.2–74.5) | 0.049 | 96.3 (89.7–102.9) | 85.3 (81.7–88.8) | 0.004 |
| HbA1c, % | 9.3 (8.8–9.7) | 8.8 (8.6–9.0) | 0.049 | 10.9 (10.3–11.5) | 9.9 (9.6–10.3) | 0.004 |
| Random/120 min post-OGTT C-peptide, pmol/L | 2130.94 (1905.12–2356.76) | 2039.72 (1956.52–2122.92) | 0.62 | 896.08 (780.91–1011.24) | 1310.10 (1179.24–1440.95) | <0.001 |
| T1D GRS | 10.42 (9.93–10.92) | 10.07 (9.88–10.26) | 0.14 | 8.43 (8.03–8.81) | 8.12 (7.89–8.36) | 0.20 |
| T2D GRS | 11.25 (11.19–11.31) | 11.20 (11.17–11.22) | 0.08 | 11.28 (11.21–11.34) | 11.22 (11.18–11.25) | 0.09 |
GRSGenetic Risk ScoreHbA1cglycated hemoglobinHDLChigh-density lipoprotein cholesterolLDLClow-density lipoprotein cholesterolOGTToral glucose tolerance testT1Dtype 1 diabetesT2Dtype 2 diabetes