. 2024 Sep 17;24:1103. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-04891-6

Table 1.

Mean, standard error (SE) and p-values for maximum penetration depth, percentage of the penetration, area of the penetration of different root regions for each experimental group

Variables	Irrigation activation	Root sections	Mean ± SE	p-value
Maximum penetration depth (μm)	Control	Coronal	1092.3 ± 75.8^a	< 0.001
		Middle	832 ± 102^b
		Apical	333.7 ± 69.7^c
	SA	Coronal	934.6 ± 87.7^a	0.008
		Middle	779.9 ± 80.7^a
		Apical	319.8 ± 59.8^b
	UI	Coronal	944.5 ± 84.8^a	0.005
		Middle	800 ± 100^a
		Apical	435.4 ± 76.9^b
	XPR	Coronal	1097.7 ± 75.6^a	< 0.001
		Middle	1001.8 ± 90.4^a
		Apical	377.2 ± 58^b
Percentage of the penetration (%)	Control	Coronal	95.66 ± 2.97	0.078
		Middle	74.1 ± 6.21
		Apical	57.1 ± 12.7
	SA	Coronal	97.48 ± 2.52	0.127
		Middle	90.49 ± 5.26
		Apical	66.6 ± 13.4
	UI	Coronal	90.04 ± 9.05^a	0.04
		Middle	94.66 ± 1.95^a
		Apical	67.17 ± 7.47^b
	XPR	Coronal	98.33 ± 1.67^a	0.001
		Middle	88.14 ± 3.74^b
		Apical	48.48 ± 7.56^c
Area of the penetration (μm²)	Control	Coronal	9,241,573 ± 835,020^a	< 0.001
		Middle	4,692,941 ± 811,729^b
		Apical	134,522 ± 338,281^c
	SA	Coronal	7,779,318 ± 963,772^a	0.008
		Middle	4,857,883 ± 694,355^b
		Apical	1,362,494 ± 328,714^c
	UI	Coronal	8,244,414 ± 999,220^a	0.008
		Middle	5,729,646 ± 102,681^a
		Apical	2,574,752 ± 817,479^b
	XPR	Coronal	8,767,562 ± 704,961^a	< 0.001
		Middle	6,559,919 ± 717,202^b
		Apical	1,174,996 ± 287,736^c

Different letters show significant difference among root sections for each irrigation activation technique separately. (p < 0.05)