Table 3.
Demographic and comorbidity characteristics for patients
| Total | Bimalleolar Fracture | Lateral Malleolus Fracture | Trimalleolar Fracture | Medial Malleolus Fracture | Distal Tibiofibular Joint Disruption | Ankle Dislocation | Posterior Malleolus | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) (SD) | ||||||||
| Patients, N (%) | 29,905 (100%) | 10,877 (36.37%) | 7828 (26.18%) | 7740 (25.88%) | 1524 (5.10%) | 1481 (4.95%) | 244 (0.82%) | 211 (0.71%) |
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 49.6 ± 18.40 | 52.4 ± 18.70 | 45.3 ± 17.5 | 53.1 ± 17.40 | 42.4 ± 18.20 | 41.4 ± 16.50 | 49.3 ± 18.60 | 44.4 ± 16.80 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 30.9 ± 7.10 | 30.9 ± 7.10 | 30.8 ± 7.0 | 31.0 ± 7.0 | 29.2 ± 6.70 | 32.3 ± 7.50 | 31.6 ± 7.0 | 30.3 ± 6.20 |
| Male sex | 12,206 (40.81%) | 3874 (35.6%) | 4023 (51.40%) | 2125 (27.50%) | 911 (59.80%) | 1027 (69.30%) | 123 (50.40%) | 123 (58.30%) |
| Operative Time (mins, mean ± SD) | 77.2 ± 45.20 | 78.10 ± 42 | 62.7 ± 34.60 | 96.8 ± 51.30 | 62.2 ± 43.90 | 60.2 ± 41.70 | 79.1 ± 50.90 | 76.7 ± 51.20 |
| Length of Stay (mean ± SD) | 1.57 ± 3.67 | 1.93 ± 3.95 | 0.89 ± 3.38 | 2.02 ± 3.81 | 0.90 ± 2.90 | 0.77 ± 1.91 | 2.55 ± 4.25 | 1.15 ± 2.49 |
| Outpatient status | 19,643 (65.68%) | 6453 (59.30%) | 6168 (78.80%) | 4446 (57.40%) | 1203 (78.90%) | 1115 (75.30%) | 111 (45.50%) | 147 (69.70%) |
| ASA Class (mean ± SD) | 2.1 ± 0.70 | 2.2 ± 0.80 | 2.0 ± 0.70 | 2.2 ± 0.70 | 1.9 ± 0.70 | 1.9 ± 0.70 | 2.3 ± 0.80 | 2.1 ± 0.8 |
| 1 (no disturbance) | 5701 (19.06%) | 1778 (16.30%) | 1889 (24.10%) | 1069 (13.80%) | 443 (29.10%) | 425 (28.70%) | 38 (15.60%) | 59 (28%) |
| 2 (mild disturbance) | 15,197 (50.82%) | 5340 (49.10%) | 4128 (52.70%) | 4021 (52%) | 769 (50.50%) | 749 (50.60%) | 103 (42.20%) | 87 (41.20%) |
| 3 (severe disturbance) | 8220 (27.49%) | 3376 (31%) | 1707 (21.80%) | 2420 (31.30%) | 289 (19%) | 283 (19.10%) | 87 (35.70%) | 58 (27.50%) |
| 4 (life-threatening disturbance) | 783 (2.62%) | 382 (3.50%) | 103 (1.30%) | 229 (3%) | 23 (1.50%) | 23 (1.60%) | 16 (6.60%) | 7 (3.30%) |
| 5 (moribund) | 4 (0.013%) | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.10%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Race | ||||||||
| White | 18,309 (61.22%) | 6461 (59.40%) | 4637 (59.20%) | 5256 (67.90%) | 912 (59.80%) | 803 (54.20%) | 139 (57%) | 101 (47.90%) |
| Black | 2929 (9.79%) | 1006 (9.25%) | 892 (11.40%) | 679 (8.80%) | 155 (10.20%) | 158 (10.70%) | 26 (10.70%) | 13 (6.20%) |
| Asian | 554 (1.85%) | 178 (1.60%) | 156 (2%) | 142 (1.80%) | 41 (2.70%) | 30 (2%) | 4 (1.60%) | 3 (1.40%) |
| Other | 8113 (27.13%) | 3232 (29.70%) | 2143 (27.40%) | 1663 (21.50%) | 416 (27.30%) | 490 (33.10%) | 75 (30.70%) | 94 (44.50%) |
| Morbidity Probability (mean ± SD) | 0.023 ± 0.02 | 0.028 ± 0.022 | 0.015 ± 0.011 | 0.026 ± 0.021 | 0.013 ± 0.011 | 0.018 ± 0.014 | 0.052 ± 0.048 | 0.015 ± 0.017 |
| Mortality Probability (mean ± SD) | 0.002 ± 0.007 | 0.002 ± 0.007 | 0.001 ± 0.003 | 0.003 ± 0.009 | 0.001 ± 0.003 | 0.001 ± 0.002 | 0.007 ± 0.019 | 0.004 ± 0.020 |
| Dependent functional status (partial or total) | 770 (2.58%) | 346 ± 3.20 | 129 (1.60%) | 224 (2.90%) | 27 (1.80%) | 27 (1.80%) | 11 (4.50%) | 6 (2.80%) |
| Current smoker | 6776 (22.66%) | 2388 ± 22 | 1870 (23.90%) | 1673 (21.60%) | 387 (25.40%) | 354 (23.90%) | 55 (22.50%) | 49 (23.20%) |
| Comorbidities N (%) | ||||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 224 (0.75%) | 106 (1%) | 24 (0.30%) | 75 (1%) | 5 (0.30%) | 3 (0.20%) | 8 (3.30%) | 3 (1.40%) |
| Dialysis | 184 (0.62%) | 85 (0.80%) | 24 (0.30%) | 62 (0.80%) | 7 (0.50%) | 4 (0.30%) | 2 (0.80%) | 0 (0%) |
| Steroid use | 561 (1.88%) | 232 (2.10%) | 121 (1.50%) | 169 (2.20%) | 17 (1.10%) | 16 (1.10%) | 2 (0.80%) | 4 (1.90%) |
| Hypertension | 9308 (31.13%) | 3766 (34.60%) | 2022 (25.80%) | 2771 (35.80%) | 307 (20.10%) | 321 (21.70%) | 80 (32.80%) | 41 (19.40) |
| Bleeding disorder | 885 (2.96%) | 367 (3.40%) | 162 (2.10%) | 296 (3.80%) | 21 (1.40%) | 22 (1.50%) | 11 (4.50%) | 6 (2.80%) |
| Ascites | 12 (0.04%) | 5 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 3 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.80%) | 0 (0%) |
| Preoperative transfusion | 79 (0.26%) | 42 (0.40%) | 7 (0.10%) | 25 (0.30%) | 1 (0.10%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.20%) | 1 (0.50%) |
| Diabetes | 3631 (12.14%) | 1451 (13.30%) | 745 (9.50%) | 1118 (14.40%) | 139 (9.10%) | 125 (8.40%) | 38 (15.60%) | 15 (7.10%) |
| IDDM | 1563 (5.23%) | 676 (6.20%) | 267 (3.40%) | 497 (6.40%) | 43 (2.80%) | 53 (3.60%) | 18 (7.40%) | 9 (4.30%) |
| NIDDM | 2068 (6.92%) | 775 (7.10%) | 478 (6.10%) | 621 (8%) | 96 (6.30%) | 72 (4.90%) | 20 (8.20%) | 6 (2.80%) |
| COPD | 943 (3.15%) | 427 (3.90%) | 156 (2%) | 280 (3.60%) | 30 (2%) | 31 (2.10%) | 14 (5.70%) | 5 (2.40%) |
BMI: body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; Hypertension: hypertension requiring medication; Dialysis: acute or chronic renal failure requiring dialysis within 2 weeks of indexed procedure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IDDM: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; NIDDM: non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus