Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristics | Cases (n = 326) |
Controls (n = 326) | OR (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at infection, y, median (IQR) | 58 (47–67) | 55 (45–65) | 1.01 (.99–1.02) | .071 |
| Male sex | 191 (58.6) | 205 (62.9) | 1.26 (.91–1.73) | .153 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 210 (64.4) | 217 (66.6) | 0.93 (.67–1.29) | .677 |
| Cancer | 68 (20.9) | 46 (14.1) | 1.62 (1.08–2.45) | .021 |
| Diabetes | 84 (25.8) | 87 (26.7) | 0.95 (.67–1.35) | .791 |
| Transplantation rank | 1.24 (.89–1.74) | .201 | ||
| 1 | 263 (80.7) | 276 (84.7) | … | |
| >1 | 61 (18.7) | 50 (15.3) | … | |
| Previous kidney replacement therapy | 0.82 (.60–1.13) | .232 | ||
| Preemptive | 39 (12) | 47 (14.4) | … | |
| Hemodialysis | 236 (72.4) | 236 (72.4) | … | |
| Peritoneal dialysis | 38 (11.7) | 33 (10.1) | … | |
| CMV status | ||||
| D−/R− for CMV | 67 (20.6) | 81 (24.8) | … | |
| D+/R− for CMV | 71 (21.8) | 55 (16.9) | … | |
| D−/R+ for CMV | 68 (20.9) | 91 (27.9) | … | |
| D+/R+ for CMV | 97 (29.8) | 84 (25.8) | … | |
| Anti-HLA antibodies | 113 (34.7) | 111 (34) | 1.09 (.79–1.51) | .602 |
| DSA | 41 (12.6) | 27 (8.3) | 1.69 (1.01–2.84) | .044 |
| Initial nephropathy | 0.99 (.92–1.07) | .931 | ||
| Vascular | 18 (5.5) | 16 (4.9) | … | |
| Tubulo-interstitial | 17 (5.2) | 17 (5.2) | … | |
| Glomerular | 74 (22.7) | 98 (30.1) | … | |
| Diabetes | 19 (5.8) | 16 (4.9) | … | |
| Malformative | 29 (8.9) | 27 (8.3) | … | |
| PKD | 77 (23.6) | 69 (21.2) | … | |
| Undetermined | 69 (21.2) | 71 (21.8) | … | |
| Other | 22 (6.7) | 11 (3.4) | … | |
| Induction treatment | ||||
| rATG | 130 (39.8) | 125 (38.2) | 1.07 (.77–1.49) | .672 |
| Basiliximab | 155 (47.5) | 156 (47.9) | … | |
| Maintenance IS at infection | ||||
| CNI (tacrolimus or cyclosporin A) | 279 (85.3) | 283 (78.6) | 0.80 (.49–1.28) | .351 |
| Tacrolimus | 200 (61.34) | 208 (64.4) | … | |
| Cyclosporin A | 79 (24.2) | 76 (23.3) | … | |
| mTORi | 47 (14.4) | 32 (9.8) | 1.54 (.96–2.50) | .075 |
| Belatacept | 11 (3.4) | 13 (4) | 0.83 (.36–.89) | .665 |
| Azathioprine | 7 (2.1) | 12 (3.7) | 0.58 (.21–1.45) | .247 |
| MMF | 282 (86.5) | 274 (84) | 1.23 (.73–2.10) | .437 |
| Corticosteroids | 247 (75.8) | 215 (66) | 14.71 (6.39–42.60) | <.001 |
| Rejection 1 y before infection | ||||
| Acute rejection | 29 (8.9) | 13 (4) | 2.27 (1.26–4.24) | .005 |
| TCMR | 17 (5.2) | 10 (3) | 1.81 (.83–4.16) | .137 |
| ABMR | 13 (4) | 3 (0.9) | 4.65 (1.48–20.44) | .007 |
| Chronic rejection | 6 (1.8) | 4 (1.2) | 1.57 (.44–6.19) | .484 |
| Treatment of acute rejection | ||||
| Corticosteroids | 22 (6.7) | 10 (3) | 2.36 (1.13–5.29) | .022 |
| Plasma exchange | 8 (2.5) | 4 (1.2) | 2.09 (.65–7.88) | .22 |
| Rituximab | 6 (1.8) | 2 (0.6) | 3.13 (.71–21.45) | .135 |
| IVIG | 8 (2.6) | 5 (1.5) | 1.65 (.55–5.54) | .380 |
| Lymphocyte count, giga/liter (G/L), mean (SD) | 0.96 (0.8) | 1.4 (0.84) | 0.42 (.32–.54) | <.001 |
| IgG, g/L, mean (SD) | 8.6 (3.7) | 9.0 (2.9) | 0.97 (.90–1.04) | .417 |
| Basal eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | 44.2 (30.5–59.3) | 57.5 (39.4–79) | 0.97 (.96–.98) | <.001 |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: ABMR, antibody-mediated rejection; CI, confidence interval; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; D–, donor negative; D+, donor positive; DSA, donor-specific antibody; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IQR, interquartile range; IS, immunosuppressive; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MMF, mycophenolic acid; mTORi, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor; OR, odds ratio; PKD, polycystic kidney disease; rATG, rabbit anti-thymoglobulin; R–, recipient negative; R+, recipient positive; SD, standard deviation; TCMR, T-cell–mediated rejection.