Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristic | Overall | Quantile 1 [−18.38, −5.65] |
Quantile 2 (−5.65, −2.83] |
Quantile 3 (−2.83, 0.13] |
Quantile 4 (0.13, 23.38] |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 20,337 | 5,084 | 5,084 | 5,082 | 5,087 | |
| PhenoAgeAccel | −2.90 (0.07) | −8.04 (0.04) | −4.19 (0.01) | −1.42 (0.02) | 3.02 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| Omega-3, gram/day | 1.84 (0.02) | 1.82 (0.03) | 1.83 (0.02) | 1.90 (0.02) | 1.82 (0.03) | 0.02 |
| Gender, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Female | 9,441 (48.09) | 3,634 (72.27) | 2,504 (50.55) | 1815 (35.72) | 1,488 (30.53) | |
| Male | 10,896 (51.91) | 1,450 (27.73) | 2,580 (49.45) | 3,267 (64.28) | 3,599 (69.47) | |
| Age, years, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| 20–29 | 3,393 (18.11) | 699 (13.68) | 923 (19.27) | 927 (20.08) | 844 (19.74) | |
| 30–39 | 3,752 (20.42) | 964 (20.30) | 955 (20.19) | 991 (21.70) | 842 (19.38) | |
| 40–49 | 3,812 (21.83) | 1,073 (23.61) | 969 (22.36) | 877 (20.14) | 893 (20.98) | |
| 50–59 | 3,249 (18.99) | 914 (21.74) | 797 (18.61) | 755 (17.74) | 783 (17.59) | |
| ≥60 | 6,131 (20.66) | 1,434 (20.67) | 1,440 (19.57) | 1,532 (20.34) | 1725 (22.30) | |
| Race, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 10,538 (74.53) | 2,510 (74.47) | 2,753 (76.58) | 2,719 (75.15) | 2,556 (71.48) | |
| Mexican American | 3,429 (6.64) | 951 (6.76) | 856 (6.38) | 848 (6.67) | 774 (6.79) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3,564 (8.67) | 752 (7.16) | 766 (7.21) | 904 (8.81) | 1,142 (12.05) | |
| Other race (including multi-racial and other Hispanic) | 2,806 (10.15) | 871 (11.61) | 709 (9.83) | 611 (9.37) | 615 (9.68) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| <25 | 6,075 (32.06) | 2,202 (48.03) | 1,687 (35.16) | 1,256 (24.62) | 930 (17.90) | |
| 25–29.9 | 6,999 (33.43) | 1800 (33.09) | 1835 (35.52) | 1805 (35.47) | 1,559 (29.06) | |
| ≥30 | 7,263 (34.51) | 1,082 (18.88) | 1,562 (29.32) | 2021 (39.91) | 2,598 (53.04) | |
| Marital status, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Married/living with partner | 13,033 (67.80) | 3,422 (72.40) | 3,326 (69.23) | 3,207 (66.36) | 3,078 (62.29) | |
| Never married | 3,319 (16.17) | 659 (11.81) | 847 (16.14) | 910 (18.04) | 903 (19.27) | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 3,985 (16.02) | 1,003 (15.79) | 911 (14.63) | 965 (15.59) | 1,106 (18.44) | |
| Education, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Below | 4,308 (12.59) | 1,003 (11.07) | 976 (11.00) | 1,092 (12.84) | 1,237 (16.00) | |
| High school | 4,785 (24.03) | 991 (18.35) | 1,113 (22.60) | 1,287 (26.79) | 1,394 (29.35) | |
| Above | 11,244 (63.38) | 3,090 (70.59) | 2,995 (66.39) | 2,703 (60.37) | 2,456 (54.65) | |
| PIR, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| <1.3 | 5,064 (16.34) | 1,115 (12.97) | 1,139 (14.54) | 1,288 (17.27) | 1,522 (21.40) | |
| 1.3–3.49 | 7,754 (34.53) | 1886 (32.85) | 1907 (33.69) | 1938 (34.96) | 2023 (37.00) | |
| ≥3.5 | 7,519 (49.14) | 2083 (54.18) | 2038 (51.77) | 1856 (47.76) | 1,542 (41.59) | |
| Smoke status, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Former smoker | 5,330 (25.51) | 1,248 (25.14) | 1,294 (25.42) | 1,432 (26.86) | 1,356 (24.54) | |
| Nonsmoker | 10,621 (52.89) | 3,214 (62.55) | 2,853 (56.00) | 2,439 (48.46) | 2,115 (42.75) | |
| Current smoker | 4,386 (21.61) | 622 (12.31) | 937 (18.59) | 1,211 (24.68) | 1,616 (32.71) | |
| Alcohol status, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Former | 3,095 (12.41) | 698 (11.31) | 687 (11.25) | 828 (12.94) | 882 (14.50) | |
| Never | 2,294 (9.04) | 738 (11.57) | 577 (8.42) | 504 (8.23) | 475 (7.71) | |
| Mild | 7,317 (38.20) | 1906 (40.15) | 1919 (40.77) | 1841 (37.50) | 1,651 (33.65) | |
| Moderate | 3,352 (18.47) | 989 (22.20) | 842 (18.60) | 793 (17.12) | 728 (15.44) | |
| Heavy | 4,279 (21.87) | 753 (14.78) | 1,059 (20.96) | 1,116 (24.21) | 1,351 (28.69) | |
| Physical activity, MET-min/wk., n (weighted %) | 0.004 | |||||
| Q1 [0.93,504] | 6,819 (33.18) | 1,647 (32.02) | 1724 (32.77) | 1,672 (33.15) | 1776 (35.06) | |
| Q2 (504, 2,160] | 6,787 (34.35) | 1863 (37.32) | 1,685 (34.85) | 1,658 (33.38) | 1,581 (31.36) | |
| Q3 (2,160,58,320] | 6,731 (32.47) | 1,574 (30.66) | 1,675 (32.38) | 1752 (33.47) | 1730 (33.58) | |
| Healthy eating index, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Q1 [0,44.27] | 6,779 (34.84) | 1,315 (25.77) | 1,636 (33.58) | 1787 (37.46) | 2041 (44.07) | |
| Q2 (44.27,56.38] | 6,779 (33.15) | 1,648 (32.70) | 1,660 (32.36) | 1736 (33.98) | 1735 (33.69) | |
| Q3 (56.38,96.35] | 6,779 (32.01) | 2,121 (41.53) | 1788 (34.06) | 1,559 (28.56) | 1,311 (22.24) | |
| Diabetes, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| No | 16,126 (83.57) | 4,463 (90.21) | 4,336 (88.77) | 4,044 (83.00) | 3,283 (70.19) | |
| Yes | 4,211 (16.43) | 621 (9.79) | 748 (11.23) | 1,038 (17.00) | 1804 (29.81) | |
| Hypertension, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| No | 12,378 (66.26) | 3,811 (78.19) | 3,415 (71.33) | 2,937 (63.08) | 2,215 (49.74) | |
| Yes | 7,959 (33.74) | 1,273 (21.81) | 1,669 (28.67) | 2,145 (36.92) | 2,872 (50.26) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (weighted %) | < 0.0001 | |||||
| No | 5,756 (29.58) | 1,589 (32.41) | 1,502 (31.01) | 1,416 (29.04) | 1,249 (25.16) | |
| Yes | 14,581 (70.42) | 3,495 (67.59) | 3,582 (68.99) | 3,666 (70.96) | 3,838 (74.84) | |
| Cancer, n (weighted %) | 0.03 | |||||
| No | 18,536 (91.36) | 4,635 (90.30) | 4,677 (92.16) | 4,615 (91.79) | 4,609 (91.19) | |
| Yes | 1801 (8.64) | 449 (9.70) | 407 (7.84) | 467 (8.21) | 478 (8.81) |
Continuous variables are summarized as mean values with standard errors, and categorical variables are presented as counts with their weighted percentages; One-way ANOVA was utilized for continuous data, while the Chi-square test was employed for categorical data. Quantile 1, Q1—first quartile; Quantile 2, Q2—second quartile; Quantile 3, Q3—third quartile; Quantile 4, Q4—fourth quartile.