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. 2024 Sep 18;132(9):097008. doi: 10.1289/EHP14065

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EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted.

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Figure 1 is a set of nine error bar graphs. On the top, the three graphs, plotting least square means of volumetric percent density (percent), ranging from 4 to 10 in increments of 2; 6 to 10 in increments of 2; and 6 to 10 in increments of 2 (y-axis) across quartiles of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4; quartiles of perfluorooctanoic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4; and quartiles of Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4 (x-axis) for Bodyshape 1 to 4 and Bodyshape 5 to 9. At the center, the three graphs, plotting least square means of nondense volume (centimeter cubed), ranging from 800 to 1,600 in increments of 200; 750 to 1250 in increments of 250; and 750 to 1500 in increments of 250 (y-axis) across quartiles of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4; quartiles of perfluorooctanoic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4; and quartiles of Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4 (x-axis) for Bodyshape 1 to 4 and Bodyshape 5 to 9. At the bottom, the three graphs, plotting least square means of dense volume (centimeter cubed), ranging from 50 to 90 in increments of 10; 50 to 90 in increments of 10; and 40 to 90 in increments of 10 (y-axis) across quartiles of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4; quartiles of perfluorooctanoic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4; and quartiles of Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, ranging from quartiles 1 to 4 (x-axis) for Bodyshape 1 to 4 and Bodyshape 5 to 9. — PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS levels and covariate-adjusted least square means of mammographic breast density (MBD) stratified by body shape at age 10 (underweight/normal weight vs. overweight/obese) in 700 premenopausal women who completed their annual screening mammogram at Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis, Missouri) from December 2015 to October 2016 and from September 2020 to February 2022. Note: Multivariable linear regression models were performed to calculate adjusted least square means of MBD (VPD, NDV, DV) by quartile of PFAS (PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS) separately for women who reported an underweight/normal weight body shape at age 10 (1–4) and women who reported an overweight/obese body shape at age 10 (5–9) based on the Stunkard pictogram. $p$ for trend values are presented to assess significance across the quartiles within each group and $p$ -interaction to see if the relationship between PFAS and MBD within each strata were different. All models adjusted for age, age at menarche, body fat percentage, race, family history of breast cancer, oral contraceptive use, alcohol consumption, and parity/age at first birth. Measures of MBD were $log to the base 10$ transformed and coefficients back-transformed ( $10 begin superscript lowercase beta end superscript$ ). DV, dense volume; NDV, nondense volume; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; Q1–Q4, Quartiles 1–4; VPD, volumetric percent density. Body shape at age 10 (1–4, $lowercase italic n equals 551$ ) quartile ranges (minimum, maximum): PFOS: Q1 (0.09, 1.81), Q2 (1.81, 2.70), Q3 (2.70, 4.22), Q4 (4.22, 31.3); PFOA: Q1 (0.13, 0.78), Q2 (0.78, 1.24), Q3 (1.24, 1.85), Q4 (1.85, 34.5); PFHxS: Q1 (0.09, 0.70), Q2 (0.70, 1.10), Q3 (1.10, 1.71), Q4 (1.71, 10.6). Body shape at age 10 (5–9, $lowercase italic n equals 149$ ) quartile ranges (minimum, maximum): PFOS: Q1 (0.27, 1.84), Q2 (1.84, 2.80), Q3 (2.80, 4.07), Q4 (4.07, 11.2); PFOA: Q1 (0.10, 0.78), Q2 (0.78, 1.15), Q3 (1.15, 1.69), Q4 (1.69, 4.98); PFHxS: Q1 (0.12, 0.64), Q2 (0.64, 1.13), Q3 (1.13, 1.69), Q4 (1.69, 6.52). Quartile values shown are $multiplied by 10 begin superscript 6 end superscript$ . All numeric data used to generate these figures can be found in Table S7.