Table 2.

Study design and settings for pivotal CGA-guided trials

Study	Study acronym	Country	Study type	Trial population	Key inclusion criteria	Model of care/involved teams	Setting (academic versus community)	Intervention arm	Standard-of-care arm
Mohile et al., 20208	COACH	USA	RCT (cluster-randomized), multisite	Patients: n = 541; meanA = 76.6 years; Caregivers: n = 414; meanA = 66.5 years	Age ≥70 years; advanced solid cancer or lymphoma and ≥1 GA impairment at baseline; 1 caregiver of patients’ choice (optional)	Consultation	Community centers	Community oncology received GA and tailored recommendations for interventions	GA was carried out without reporting to oncologist, exception: alerts for depression/cognitive impairment
Mohile et al., 20216	GAP70+	USA	RCT (cluster-randomized), multisite	n = 718; meanA = 77.2 years	Age ≥70 years; incurable solid cancer or lymphoma and ≥ 1 GA impairment at baseline	Consultation	Community centers	Community oncology received GA and tailored recommendations for interventions	GA was carried out without reporting to oncologist, exception: alerts for depression/cognitive impairment
Li et al., 202124	GAIN	USA	RCT, single site	n = 613; mdA = 71 years	Age ≥65 years; solid cancer, new therapy line intended	Consultation	Academic	CGA	GA results sent to oncologist for consideration; alerts for depression/cognitive impairment send with urgency
Soo et al., 20229	INTEGERATE	Australia	RCT, multisite	n = 154; mdA = 75.5 years	Age ≥70 years; solid cancer, or DLBCL; chemo-, immune-, or targeted therapy intended	Integrated oncogeriatric care	Academic	CGA, geriatric follow-up	No CGA, referral to geriatrician possible if requested by oncologist
Puts et al., 202311	5C	Canada	RCT, multisite	n = 340; meanA = 76 years	Age ≥70 years; solid cancer, lymphoma, or myeloma; chemo-, immune-, or targeted therapy intended	Co-management		CGA, geriatric follow-up as needed	No CGA
Lund et al., 202112	GERICO	Denmark	RCT, single site	n = 142; mdA = 75 years	Age ≥70 years; first diagnosis of CRC stage II-IV; adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy intended; G8 score ≤14	Co-management	Academic and community centers	Pre-therapeutic CGA, regular geriatric follow-up as needed	No CGA
Paillaud et al., 202225	EGeSOR	France	RCT, multisite	n = 475; mdA = 75.3 years	Age ≥65 years; first diagnosis or late relapse of HN pre-treatment	Co-management	Academic + community centers	Pre-therapeutic CGA, geriatric follow-up for 24 months	Standard of care, no initial GA
DuMontier et al., 202213	—	USA	RCT, single center	n = 160 (IA: n = 100; SA: n = 60); meanA = 80.4 years	Age ≥75 years, initial consultation for multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia; transplant-ineligible; (pre-) frail	Consultation	Academic	Initial GA; geriatric consultation twice-weekly, geriatric interventions initiated	GA initially carried out, results blinded to oncologist, no geriatric consultations or interventions
Orum et al., 202126	—	Denmark	RCT, single center	n = 301; mdA = 75 years	Age ≥70 years, newly diagnosed solid cancer (LC, GI, HN), planned radiation or systemic cancer therapy	Consultation	Academic	CGA at study initiation with recommendations for interventions, further follow-up, and adaptation of interventions by the geriatric team	CGA at study initiation with recommendations for interventions without further follow-up or adaptation of interventions by the geriatric team
Nipp et al., 202014	—	USA	Pilot RCT, single center	n = 62; mdA = 72.3 years; LC: 43.55%; GI: 56.45%	Age ≥65 years, incurable GI cancer or LC	Co-management	Academic	Two in-person consultations with geriatrician, evaluation, and management of geriatric and palliative symptoms	Usual care without geriatric consultations
Nipp et al., 202227	—	USA	RCT, single center	n = 160 (n = 137 in PP analysis); mdA = 72 years	Age ≥65 years; GI, planned cancer surgery	Consultation	Academic	Preoperative geriatric consultation with CGA, one follow-up visit post-operative	No CGA, standard care
Nadaraja et al., 202028	—	Denmark	RCT, single center	n = 96; mA (IA) = 73.9 years; mdA (SA) = 76.8 years	Age ≥70 years; primary sites: GI, GU, GYN, or NSCLC; staring new line of systemic cancer therapy	Consultation	Academic	Screening with G8; if G8 < 14, CGA was carried out and treatment intensity discussed with MDT based on GA results; interventions initiated	Treatment as indicated, treatment decision based on the oncologist's clinical judgment
Jeppesen et al., 201829	—	Denmark	Pilot RCT, single center	n = 51; mdA = 72 years	Localized NSCLC, intended for SBRT, no age restriction	Consultation	Academic	SBRT +CGA	SBRT − CGA
Hempenius et al., 2016, 201330,31	LIFE	Netherlands	RCT, multicenter	n = 260; meanA = 77.4 years	Age ≥65 years; GFI <3; planned surgery for solid cancer	Co-management	Academic and community	Preoperative assessment of risk for delirium by the geriatric team, ongoing geriatric co-management after surgery	Usual care without geriatric co-management

CGA, comprehensive geriatric assessment; CRC, colorectal cancer; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; GA, geriatric assessment; GFI, Groningen Frailty Indicator; GI, gastrointestinal cancer; GU, genitourinary cancer; GYN, gynecological cancer; HN, head and neck cancer; IA, intervention arm; LC, lung cancer; meanA, mean age; mdA, median age; MDT, multidisciplinary team; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; PP, per protocol; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SA, standard arm; SBRT, stereotactic body radiotherapy.