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. 2024 Sep 18;14:21784. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73101-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Epithelial morphology and viability of a M3DB-assembled LG organoid. (A) LG organoid biofabrication workflow steps. EEM epithelial-enriched media, MNP magnetic nanoparticles, M3DB magnetic 3D bioprinting/bioassembly. Created with BioRender.com. (B) Brightfield micrographs with phase contrast showing consistent spheroid formation in MNP-tagged LG primary cells. Scale bars: 100 μm. (C) Fold change in total ATP of each organoid was determined by a CellTiter-Glo 3D assay (n = 4–5) and all values were normalized to day 1 (baseline). The total ATP was deemed stable through 6 days of culture (n = 5). (D) After biofabrication, organoid diameter was determined and consistent up to day 3, after which there was wide variation in organoid size (n = 10). *p < 0.05 when compared to baseline or day 1, with one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test. (E) H&E micrographs displayed a structural integrity and epithelial parenchyma with acini-like clusters (gray arrowheads, top white framed inset at higher magnification) and lumen-like regions (black arrowhead, bottom black framed inset at higher magnification) of the LG organoid at day 3 of culture resembling that of native LG fresh biopsy tissue. Inset is a focused area arising from black frame box. Scale bars: 50 μm.