Figure 1. Schedule of Enrollment, Allocation, Intervention, and Study Closeout.

ED indicates emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit.

^aAllocation occurs at the point of clinician initiating a normal saline order.

^bIntervention is only continued in the ED and ICUs.

^cThe study ends after 30 days of hospitalization, discharge from the ICU, or death in the ICU.

^dPatients aged 18 years or older presenting to study EDs meet eligibility criteria.