Table 2.
Summary of the characteristics of the review studies.
| Author/year | Study design | Setting | Sample information | Sample size | Mean age | Male % | Number of groups | Factors adjustment | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Korshøj 2020 (49) | Cross-sectional study | Denmark | Active recruitment | 57 | 49.3 ± 7.8 | 100% | Two groups: OSA, No-OSA | Age, level of leisure time and physical activity | Fair |
| 2 Harada 2012 (17) | Cross-sectional study | Japan | Active recruitment | 275 | 44 ± 8 | 100% | Four groups: T2DM with NFG, IFG with NFG | Age, waist circumference, RDI, average sleep fragmentation, ESS scores and sleep duration | Good |
| 3 Lindberg 2012 (18) | Prospective cohort study | Sweden | Convenient previous study | 141 | 57.5 | 100% | Two groups: T2DM, No-T2DM | Age, BMI, and hypertension at baseline and BMI and years with CPAP treatment | Good |
| 4 Leong 2014 (50) | Cross-sectional study | United Kingdome | Convenient medical record | 283 | 47.1 ± 12.1 | 33.2% | Two groups: T2DM, No-T2DM | Age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, and number of DM medications | Fair |
| 5 Vacelet 2021 (12) | Prospective cohort study | France | Convenient medical record | 494 | 66.2 ± 0.9 | Mild OSA: 29%, Moderate OSA: 42.1%, Severe OSA: 60%. | Three groups: Mild OSA, Moderate OSA and Severe OSA | Sex, BMI, fat mass, fasting glucose, and triglyceride | Good |
| 6 Appleton 2015 (11) | Prospective cohort study | Australia | Convenient previous study | 736 | 59.7 | 100% | Three groups: Mild OSA, Moderate OSA and Severe OSA | Age, education, income, total percentage of body fat, smoking, physical activity, weight gain over the follow-up period, and follow-up measures including ESS scores, sleep hours, and shift work | Good |
| 7 Ding 2021 (8) | Retrospective cohort study | United States of America | Convenient previous study | 840 | 57.6 ± 12.4 | 94.4% | Two groups: T2DM, No-T2DM | Sex, age, race/ethnicity, baseline fasting glucose concentrations, BMI, changes in BMI over time, hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, depression, smoking status, and alcohol use | Good |
| 8 Deol 2018 (46) | Cross-sectional study | United States of America | Convenient previous study | 899 | 55 ± 9 | 54% | Three groups: NFG, pre-DM, T2DM | Age, sex, site, residency years, income and education, smoking, alcohol use, waist, blood pressure, and BMI | Good |
| 9 Sanchez 2022 (51) | Cross-sectional study | Spain | Convenient previous study | 966 | Pre-DM, 59; Control, 56 | Pre-DM=42.2% Control =51,8% |
Two groups: NFG, pre-DM | Age, sex, and BMI | Good |
| 10 Xu 2019 (10) | Retrospective cohort study | China | Convenient medical record | 1206 | 51 | 69% | Four groups: No-OSA, Mild OSA, Moderate OSA, Severe OSA | Age, sex, BMI, body weight change, waist circumference, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, family history of T2DM, ESS score, prior Comorbidities, physical activity, neck circumference, and total sleep time | Good |
| 11 Ali 2023 (14) | Retrospective cohort study | Korea | Convenient previous study | 1216 | 57.5 ± 5.5 | 46.9% | Three groups: No-OSA, Mild OSA, Moderate to severe OSA | Age, sex, occupation, income, waist, waist change, exercise, alcohol, smoking, mean arterial pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease history, total sleep time and napping | Good |
| 12 Kim 2013 (48) | Cross-sectional study | Korea | Convenient previous study | 1344 | 40 ± 69 | 52.5% | 2 groups: BMI <25 kg/m2, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | Age, sex, alcohol, smoking status, exercise, hypertension or cardiovascular diseases, and medication for dyslipidaemia, BMI, and waist circumference | Good |
| 13 Nagayoshi 2016 (41) | Prospective cohort study | United States of America | Convenient previous study | 1453 | 62.5 | 46.5% | Three groups: No-OSA, Mild OSA, Moderate to severe OSA | Age, sex, centre, education, income, occupation, marital, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, BMI, and waist circumference | Good |
| 14 Whitaker 2018 (52) | Cross-sectional study | United States of America | Convenient previous study | 2049 | 68.5 ± 9.2 | 46.5% | Two groups: T2DM, No- T2DM | Centre, age, ethnicity, sex, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol, hypnotic medication, depressive symptoms, BMI, and waist circumference | Good |
| 15 Beate Strand 2015 (39) | Prospective cohort study | United States of America | Convenient medical record | 5888 | 72 | Unclear | Two groups: day sleepiness, No day sleepiness | Age, sex, race, waist circumference, site, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol BMI, physical activity, depressive symptoms score, cognitive function, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, creatinine, albumin, cholesterol, history of myocardial infarction | Fair |
| 16 Sabanayagam 2012 (5) | Cross-sectional study | United States of America | Convenient previous study | 6522 | no DM 43.7 ± 0.4; DM 55.4 ± 0.6 | 51.2% | Two groups: T2DM, No-T2DM | Age, sex, race-ethnicity, education, smoking, current alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, systolic blood pressure, depression, CRP, cholesterol | Good |
| 17 Kent 2014 (47) | Cross-sectional study | Europe | Convenient previous study | 6616 | 52.1± 12.3 | 70.7% | Four groups: No-OSA, Mild OSA, Moderate OSA, Severe OSA | site, race, age, sex, BMI, neck circumference, smoking, alcohol, heart and lung comorbidities, medication use (B-blockers, oral corticosteroids, and statins) | Fair |
| 18 D’Aurea 2017 (45) | Cross-sectional study | Brazil | Convenient medical record | 7115 | 43.4 ± 9.6 | 57.6% | 2 groups CRP < 2, CRP ≥ 2 and by HbA1C <5.7% HbA1C ≥5.7% | Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, and triglycerides | Fair |
| 19 Kendzerska 2014 (13) | Prospective cohort study | Canada | Convenient previous study | 8678 | 48 | 62% | Two groups: T2DM, No-T2DM | Sex, age, BMI, history of smoking status, prior comorbidities, daytime sleepiness, neck circumference, heart rate in sleep, and total sleep time |
Good |
| 20 Strausz 2018 (42) | Prospective cohort study | Finland | Convenient previous study | 36963 | FINRISK data, 48.01 ± 13.2; Health 2000 data, 53.8 ± 15.7 Botnia data: 58.94 ± 11.5 |
FINRISK data, 47.6%; Health 2000 data, 44.6%; Botnia data:52.3% | Two groups: OSA, No-OSA | Age, sex, geographical area, BMI and cohort year, high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, smoking, family history of heart disease, hypertension | Good |
| 21 Liu 2017 (40) | Retrospective cohort study | Taiwan | Convenient medical record | 358967 | Unclear | Analysis 1, 64.2%; Analysis 2, 52.5% | Four groups (analysis I): OSA, No-OSA. (analysis II): T2DM, No-T2DM |
Age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, use of cardiometabolic agents, including B-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers or lipid-lowering agents | Good |
| 22 Tianyi 2018 (44) | Retrospective cohort study | United States of America | Convenient previous study | 146519 | The Nurses Health Study, 69.9; The Nurses Health Study II, 51.4; The Health Professionals Follow-up, 68.8 |
The Nurses Health Study, No males The Nurses Health Study II, NO males; The Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 100% males |
Four groups (analysis I): OSA, No-OSA. (analysis II): T2DM, No-T2DM |
Age, race, menopausal, family history of diabetes, duration of postmenopausal hormone use, smoking status, alcohol, diet quality, regular physical examination, sleep duration, night shift duration, physical activity, hypertension history, BMI, and waist circumference | Good |
| 23 Subramanian 2019 (43) | Retrospective cohort study | United Kingdome | Convenient medical record | 1656739 | Exposed group, 64.85 ± 13.28; Unexposed group, 64.56 ± 13.63 | Exposed group: 55.5% Control group: 54.2% |
Two groups: T2DM, No-T2DM | Age category, sex, BMI category, Townsend deprivation quintile, smoking status, ethnicity, and baseline cardiovascular conditions (heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension) | Good |
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NFG, normal fasting glucose; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; RDI, respiratory disturbance index; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; Pre-DM, prediabetes; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1C, Haemoglobin A1C.