Table 2.
Features in the training cohort and the validation cohort
| Features | Training cohort (n = 676) | Validation cohort (n = 170) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate-to-severe CRBD (n, %) | 197 (29.1) | 59 (34.7) | 0.158 |
| Type of surgery (n, %) | 0.925 | ||
| Urological surgery | 347 (51.3) | 93 (54.7) | |
| Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery | 69 (10.2) | 10 (5.9) | |
| Cardiothoracic surgery | 100 (14.8) | 25 (14.7) | |
| General surgery | 102 (15.1) | 24 (14.1) | |
| Orthopedic surgery | 42 (6.2) | 13 (7.6) | |
| Other | 16 (2.4) | 5 (2.9) | |
| Laparoscope (n, %) | 199 (29.4) | 42 (24.7) | 0.222 |
| BMI (n, %) | 0.246 | ||
| < 25 kg/m2 | 484 (71.6) | 114 (67.1) | |
| ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 192 (28.4) | 56 (32.9) | |
| Gender (n, %) | 0.802 | ||
| Female | 295 (43.6) | 76 (44.7) | |
| Male | 381 (56.4) | 94 (55.3) | |
| Age (years) | 60 (49, 69) | 60 (48, 68) | 0.585 |
| Comorbidity (n, %) | 316 (46.7) | 80 (47.1) | 0.268 |
| Timing of indwelling urinary catheters (n, %) | 0.432 | ||
| Before anesthesia | 301 (44.5) | 70 (41.2) | |
| After anesthesia | 375 (55.5) | 100 (58.8) | |
| History of indwelling urinary catheters (n, %) | 225 (33.3) | 57 (33.5) | 0.952 |
| Type of urinary catheters (n, %) | 0.986 | ||
| < 18Fr | 425 (62.9) | 107 (62.9) | |
| ≥ 18Fr | 251 (37.1) | 63 (37.1) | |
| Balloon volume (ml) | 10 (10, 10) | 10 (10, 14) | 0.525 |
| Lubricant type (n, %) | 0.901 | ||
| Liquid paraffin | 570 (84.3) | 144 (84.7) | |
| Iodophor | 106 (15.7) | 26 (15.3) | |
| ASA (n, %) | 0.384 | ||
| I | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| II | 579 (85.7) | 150 (88.2) | |
| III | 97 (14.3) | 20 (11.8) | |
| Calcium ion (mmol/L) | 2.21 (2.11, 2.35) | 2.21 (2.11, 2.34) | 0.906 |
| Magnesium ion (mmol/L) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.90) | 0.306 |
| Surgical duration (hours) | 1.5 (1, 2.5) | 1.6 (1, 2.5) | 0.212 |
| Hypothermia (n, %) | 23 (3.4) | 6 (3.5) | 0.935 |
| Nerve block (n, %) | 92 (13.6) | 27 (15.9) | 0.447 |
| Postoperative analgesics (n, %) | 353 (52.2) | 85 (50) | 0.605 |
| Intraoperative fluid infusion volume (L) | 1 (0.5, 1.01) | 1 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.153 |
| Anticholinergic drugs (n, %) | 438 (64.8) | 115 (67.6) | 0.485 |
| Propofol (n, %) | 432 (63.9) | 112 (65.9) | 0.631 |
| Dezocine (n, %) | 158 (23.4) | 35 (20.6) | 0.440 |
| Dexmedetomidine (n, %) | 113 (16.7) | 35 (20.6) | 0.235 |
| Dexamethasone (n, %) | 67 (9.9) | 13 (7.6) | 0.368 |
CRBD Catheter-related bladder discomfort, BMI Body Mass Index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists