Table 2.

Summary of themes emerged as challenges of translating animal research into human trials

Themes	Frequency	Sub- themes	Frequency
1. Lack of finance and human capacity	13	✔ Lack of funding ✔ Limited capacity of researchers (knowledge, skill, experience, awareness and preparedness), attitudinal problems, lack of physicians’ interest ✔ Limited capacity of ethics committee and regulators in terms of knowledge, skill, experience	✔ 9 ✔ 16 ✔ 2
2. Inadequate infrastructure	11	✔ Poor facilities (e.g. accredited laboratories) ✔ Shortage of resources ✔ Lack of organized center	✔ 9 ✔ 5 ✔ 2
3. Operational obstacles and poor research governance	11	✔ Lack of commitment from researchers, institutions and government ✔ Poor research management and quality control ✔ Lack of clear policy and guidelines ✔ Lack of framed and programmatic research agenda ✔ Challenges of logistics and purchasing process ✔ Lack of voluntary participation and awareness of patients	✔ 5 ✔ 4 ✔ 3 ✔ 3 ✔ 2 ✔ 2
4. Lack of collaboration	9	✔ Lack of inter-disciplinary collaboration	✔ 9
5. Lack of reproducibility of   results	6	✔ Anatomical and physiological species differences ✔ Lack of animal model genetic make-up specification ✔ Pathophysiologic difference of diseases ✔ Poor experimental design ✔ Poor quality animal experiment ✔ Inappropriate statistical analysis	✔ 2 ✔ 2 ✔ 2 ✔ 2 ✔ 2 ✔ 1
6. Prolonged ethical and regulatory approval processes	6	✔ Prolonged ethical and regulatory approval processes	✔ 6