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. 2024 Sep 18;24:250. doi: 10.1186/s12880-024-01408-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A patient with segment III-IV HCC measuring 3.5 × 3.3 cm. (A) and (B) are axial CT images in the arterial and venous phases, respectively, showing arterial postcontrast enhancement of the lesion with washout in the venous phase. (C) 3D-reconstructed AP image showing the lesion (hollow arrow) located behind the bifurcation of the proper hepatic artery. (D) 3D-reconstructed image in oblique view showing three possible feeding branches to the lesion arising from the left hepatic artery (dashed artery). (E) DSA of the CHA using a 5 Fr catheter showing three possible feeding arteries arising from the left hepatic artery. (F) Late-phase image during DSA of the CHA showing faint contrast blush of the lesion (hollow arrow). Artery 1 was identified by both observers via 3D and DSA images. Artery 2 was identified by both observers via 3D and DSA images. Artery 3 was identified by both observers in 3D images but could not be identified in DSA images. The three arteries are true feeding vessels according to the ground truth