Fig. 2.

Evolutionary dynamics of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) across 11 phlebotomine sand flies. a) Phylogenetic comparison of 1,275 CYP genes from 11 phlebotomines with A. gambiae as reference. Sand fly CYP genes are distributed across the four clans that are typically found in insects. CYP3 clan comprises almost two-thirds of CYP repertoires in sand fly species. b) Gene counts of each sand fly CYP subfamily in the 11 phlebotomine species. P. papatasi and L. longipalpis gene counts, which are denoted by asterisk (*), were generated by manual curation of CYPs in their reference genome assemblies. Eight CYP6, CYP9, and CYP12 subfamilies are highly expanded and account for most of the CYP variation found between phlebotomines.