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. 2024 Sep 11;9:223. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01917-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Transmission routes of high-priority pathogens to humans. a The source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has not been identified. Bats and pangolins are presumed to be natural hosts, while transmission to humans may be mediated by intermediate hosts and cold chains.⁹³⁵ Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) originate from bats and are transmitted to humans by Paguma larvata and Camelus dromedarius, respectively.³²⁵ b Filoviruses originate from bats and are transmitted to humans, such as nonhuman primates, by wildlife.⁴⁵ c Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) originates from Aedes mosquitoes and is transmitted to humans by ruminants.⁹³⁶ Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) originates from Hyaloma asiaticum and is transmitted to humans by ruminants and domestic animals.⁵⁵¹ d Lassa fever virus (LASV) originates from Mastomys natalensis and is transmitted to humans by corresponding contaminants.⁹³⁷ Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted to humans via the bite of Ades mosquitoes.⁹³⁸ Nipah virus (NiV) originates from bats and is transmitted to humans via pigs.⁹³⁹ (Created in BioRender)