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. 2024 Sep 11;9:223. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01917-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The determination of immune correlates in animal models and immune correlates in COVID-19 patients are taken as examples. a In animal models and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, a positive correlation between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed. b, c In COVID-19 convalescent animals, passive transfer of serum IgG protects naïve animals in a dose-dependent manner, while CD8⁺ T-cell depletion abolishes this protective effect to some extent. d SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge in convalescent animals increased neutralizing antibody (NAb), virus-specific binding antibody and IFN-γ responses. e In large-scale human clinical trials, a negative correlation between NAb titers and viral loads was noted. Taken together, these findings suggest that NAbs and virus-specific IgG are responsible for improved protection against COVID-19, while cellular immunity partially contributes to this protection. (Created in BioRender)