. 2024 Sep 11;9:223. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01917-x

Table 10.

Representative medical countermeasures for bunyaviruses

Classification	Name	Platform/Strategy	Stage	Efficacy/Benefic	References
Vaccines	Live attenuated vaccine	Live attenuated RVFV	Licensed (Veterinary)	Immunogenic but are of safety concerns	^{601,603,923–927}
	Subunit vaccine	Expressing the eGn and full-length Gc of RVFV	Preclinical	Protect sheep	^604,605
	Viral like particles	Formulate VLPs of RVFV based on Insect Protein Expression System	Preclinical	Complete protection in mice	⁶⁰⁷
	DNA vaccine	Encoding the M-segment GPC gene or expressing GPC and the NP of CCHFV	Preclinical	Immunogenic and protect mice and NHPs	^570,597,609
	DNA vaccine	Encoding the Gn and Gc glycoproteins of RVFV	Preclinical	Immunogenic and protect mice and NHPs	⁶¹²
	mRNA vaccine	Encoding for the CCHFV N or glycoproteins (GcGn)	Preclinical	Complete protection against mice	⁶⁰⁶
	CAdVax-GnGc	Expressing RVFV GnGc based on complex adenovirus-vectored	Preclinical	Immunogenic and protect animals	⁶¹¹
	MVA/Adv-N	Deliver the N gene of CCHFV based on MVA or Adv vector	Preclinical	Partially protection in mice	^599,613
	Replicon RNA	Expressing CCHFV N or GPC	Preclinical	Complete protection in mice	⁶¹⁴
Antibodies	8A1, 11E7, and 30F7	Mouse antibodies targeting CCHFV Gn/Gc	Preclinical	Protect neonatal mice	^553,623
	mAb-13G8	Mouse antibodies targeting CCHFV GP38	Preclinical	Protect IFNAR^−/− mice	^552,624
	c13G8	Chimeric human-mouse antibody	Preclinical	Protect IFNAR^−/− mice
	ADI-37801/ 36121/36145	Human antibodies targeting CCHFV Gc	Preclinical	Complete protection in mice	⁶²⁶
	RVFV-268	Human antibodies targeting RVFV Gn	Preclinical	Prevents vertical transmission in rat/sterilizing immunity	^630,633
	RVFV-268 + RVFV-140	Human antibodies targeting RVFV Gn	Preclinical	Effective at minimal doses and blocking both attachment and fusion	⁶³²
	R4, R12, R13, R16, R17, R19 and R22	Human antibodies targeting RVFV Gn/Gc	Preclinical	Complete protection in mice	⁶³⁴
Small molecular drugs	Ribavirin	Broad spectrum antiviral drug	Preclinical	Controversial efficacy	^{616,617,913,915}
	Favipiravir or derivative (H44)	RdRp inhibitor	Preclinical	Reduced mortality rate and decreased viral loads in mice/NHPs	^616,618,619
	Fluorocytidine and molnupiravir	RdRp inhibitor	Preclinical	Favorable therapeutic effects in vitro	^618,620

RVFV Rift valley virus, eGn Gn ectostructural domain, VLPs Viral like particles, GPC Glycoprotein precursor, NP Nucleocapsid protein, CCHFV Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Adv Adenovirus, MVA Modified vaccinia virus Ankara, RdRp RNA dependent RNA polymerase, NHPs nonhuman primates