Table 7.
Representative medical countermeasures for beta-coronaviruses
| Classification | Manufacturer | Name | Platform/Strategy | Stage | Efficacy/Benefic | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccines | Sinopharm/Sinovac Biotech | CoronaVac/ BBIBP-CorV | Whole virus inactivated vaccines | Licensed | 50% protective efficacy | 903–905 |
| CanSinoBIO | Convidecia | Encoding the S of SARS-CoV-2 based on Ad5 | Licensed | 57.5% protective efficacy; aerosolized | 476–478 | |
| Wantai Biological | dNS1-RBD | Encoding the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 based on IFV | Licensed | 28.2% protective efficacy and applicable in boosting | 473 | |
| Johnson | Ad26-S | Encoding the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 based on Ad26 vector | Licensed | 52.9% protective efficacy | 432,455,479 | |
| Russia | Ad26 + Ad5-S (SPUTNIK V) | Prime-boost strategy of two viral vector vaccines | Licensed | 91.4% protective efficacy | 456 | |
| AstraZeneca | ChAdOx1-S | Encoding the S gene of SARS-CoV-2 based on ChAdOx1 vector | Licensed | 70.4% protection protective efficacy | 456 | |
| Modena/BioNTech | mRNA-1273/ BNT162b2 | Encoding the S gene of SARS-CoV-2 based on mRNA platform | Licensed | 90% protective efficacy | 490,492,906,907 | |
| Clover Biopharmaceuticals | SCB-2019 | S-Trimer | Licensed | 67·2% protective efficacy | 443 | |
| Novavax | NVX-CoV2373 | S-Trimer | Licensed | 90.4% protective efficacy | 445,908,909 | |
| Zhifei Longcom | ZF2001 | RBD-dimer | Licensed | 75.7% protective efficacy | 449,450 | |
| Antibodies | Genentech | Tocilizumab (Actemra) | Humanized mAb targeting IL-6R and inhibit subsequent signal transduction | Licensed | Improve survival and other clinical outcomes | 501,502 |
| Eli Liliy and AbCellera | LY-CoV555 (bamlanivimab) | Human antibodies targeting S1 | Licensed | Reduces viral load, disease symptoms, and hospitalization and emergency treatment risks | 505,910 | |
| Junshi Biosciences | LY-JS016 (LY-CoV016) | |||||
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals | REGN-COV2 | RBD-targeting antibody cocktail | Licensed | Reduces the viral load and alleviates symptoms in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients | 506,509,510 | |
| BriiBio | Amubarvimab/Romlusevimab | Human antibodies targeting S1 | Licensed | Reduced the hospitalization and mortality risk by 80% | 515 | |
| China | 4A8 | nAbs targeting the NTD | Clinical | Did not compete with antibodies targeting other regions of the S protein | 517 | |
| Small molecule drugs | Gilead technology | Remdesivir (GS-5734) | RdRp inhibitor | Licensed | Not sure efficacy of remdesivir in treating COVID-19 | 532,533 |
| Merck | Molnupiravir | RdRp inhibitor | Licensed | Higher proportion of viral RNA clearance and infectious virus elimination in clinical trials | 537 | |
| Junshi Biosciences | VV116 | RdRp inhibitor | Licensed | Clinical benefits | 539 | |
| Pfizer | Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir+Ritonavir) | Mpro inhibitor | Licensed | Reduce hospitalization and mortality rates in patients | 542 | |
| Incyte | Baricitinib | JAK signal pathways inhibitor | Licensed | Reduced mortality in hospitalized patients | 545 | |
| Kintor Pharmaceutical | Proxalutamide | Androgen receptor antagonist | Licensed | Higher recovery rate and lower all-cause mortality rate; reduced the rate of hospitalization by 91% | 548,549 |
S spike, SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Ad5 Adenovirus type 5, RBD Receptor binding domain, IFV Influenza virus, Ad26 Adenovirus type 26, ChAdOx1 Chimpanzee adenovirus type 1, mAb Monoclonal antibody, IL-6R IL-6 receptor, NTD N-terminal domain, RdRp RNA dependent RNA polymerase, Mpro Main protease, JAK Janus kinase