Table 2.

Longitudinal MRI assessment of the ventricular and hindbrain area volumes in the PB/DEET/CORT/DFP model of Gulf War Illness.

Region		Time point	Control (n = 5)	PB/DEET/CORT/DFP (n = 6)
Ventricles	Lateral ventricle***,†	6	8.02 ± 0.31	6.39 ± 0.28‡
		9a	8.98 ± 0.54a	7.63 ± 0.39‡,a
		12a	9.60 ± 0.66a	8.01 ± 0.40^,a
	3rd ventricle	6	5.49 ± 0.12	4.86 ± 0.26
		9	5.46 ± 0.30	5.27 ± 0.16
		12	5.38 ± 0.43	5.74 ± 0.52
	4th ventricle	6	1.88 ± 0.11	1.96 ± 0.11
		9	1.77 ± 0.16	1.91 ± 0.16
		12	2.04 ± 0.14	2.13 ± 0.12
Hindbrain	Cerebellum*,†	6	78.49 ± 1.73	74.80 ± 0.76‡
		9	77.07 ± 1.15	74.26 ± 0.93^
		12a,b	76.19 ± 0.95a	72.51 ± 0.74
	Medulla†	6	33.78 ± 0.50	31.77 ± 0.85‡
		9	33.56 ± 0.73	31.53 ± 0.59‡
		12	33.94 ± 0.34	31.80 ± 0.69^
	Pons	6	23.13 ± 0.29	21.85 ± 0.60^
		9	23.13 ± 0.29	21.61 ± 0.67^
		12	22.64 ± 0.50	22.48 ± 0.52

This table depicts the longitudinal measurement (6, 9, and 12 months post-PB/DEET/CORT/DFP treatment) of volume (mm³) in the ventricles and hindbrain. Sample sizes were n = 5–6/group/time point. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^*** and ^* indicate a significant main effect of time where p ≤ 0.001 or 0.05, respectively. ^†Denotes a significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effect of treatment. ^‡ and ^{^} denote a significant or trending treatment effect within a time point where p ≤ 0.05 or 0.09, respectively. ^a and ^b denote significance from the 6- and 9-month time point, respectively, p ≤ 0.05. CORT, corticosterone; DEET, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide; DFP, diisopropylfluorophosphate; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PB, pyridostigmine bromide.